19th century (1801–1900) (1215 AH – 1318 AH) 1803: Sheikh Abdul Aziz bin Muhammad bin Saud assassinated. Shah Shuja proclaimed King of Afghanistan. 1804: Uprising under George Petrovich against Janissary garrison at Belgrade marked beginning of Serbian Revolution. 1804: Othman dan Fodio established Islamic State of Sokoto in Northern Nigeria. 1805: Saud bin Abdul Aziz captured Medina defeating the Ottoman Empire garrison. 1805: Faraizi movement launched in Bengal. 1805: Sultan Selim III yields to the demand that Muhammad Ali be appointed wāli of Egypt. 1806: Khanate of Khiva came into limelight under the rule of Muhammad Rahim Khan. 1807: Selim III deposed by Janissaries. 1807: Darqawi sect revolted against Turkish domination. 1807: Tunisia repudiated suzerainty of Algeria. 1808: Bairakdar, the ayan of Rusçuk, having arrived in Constantinople too late to restore Selim III (who had been strangled), installed Mahmud II, the sole surviving member of the Ottoman line. 1811: Birth of Siyyid Mírzá 'Alí-Muhammad known as the Báb, founder of Bábí movement. British occupied Indonesia. 1811: Muhammad Ali has Mamluks massacred in the Citadel of Cairo, thereby consolidating his absolute power. 1812: Medina fell to Egyptians. 1812: Treaty of Bucharest between Ottoman Empire and Russia end a war of 6 years 1813: Mecca and Taif captured by Egyptian forces and Saudis expelled from Hejaz. 1814: Iran executed treaty of alliance with the British known as the Definitive Treaty. Death of Saud bin Abdul Aziz. King Othman of Tunisia assassinated by his cousin Mahmud. 1816: British withdrew from Indonesia restoring it to the Dutch. 1817: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan born. 1818: Conclusion of Egypt's seven-year campaign against the Wahabis in Arabia, who had occupied Mecca and Medina and threatened Syria. As a result, the eastern coast of the Mediterranean fell under Egyptian control. 1821: Alexander Ypsilantis led Greek insurgents across the river Prut into Danubian Principalities on March 6 (n.s.) to begin the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire. 1822: Death of Maulay Ismail in Morocco. 1822: Greek assembly at Epidauros declared Greek independence and drew up an organic statute establishing a parliament and executive directory. 1826: Janissaries massacred by forces loyal to Mahmud II after they revolted following formation of new army corps. 1827: Malaya became a preserve of the British according to Anglo-Netherland treaty in 1824. 1828: Russia declared war against Ottoman Empire. 1829: Treaty of Adrianople ends the war Russo Turkish war 1828 1830: French forces landed near Algiers and occupied Algeria ending 313 years rule of Turks. 1831: Syed Ahmad Barelvi and Shah Ismail leaders of Jihad movement in India fell fighting the Sikhs in Balakot. 1831: Sayyid Said, King of Oman, shifted his capital to Zanzibar. 1832: Turks defeated in the battle of Konya by Egyptian forces. 1833: At the urging of France, the Convention of Kütahya ended the war between Egypt and the Ottoman Empire and provided that the empire grant the sultan of Egypt all of Syria and Adana. 1833: The Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi established alliance between the Ottoman Empire and Russia and provided that the Ottomans would close the Dardanelles to any foreign warships at the Russians' request. 1834: Abdul Qadir of Algeria recognized as ruler of the area under his control by the French. 1839: In response to threats by Egyptian wāli Muhammad Ali to declare himself independent, an Ottoman army began (March) the invasion of Syria from the Euphrates. It was defeated (June 24) by the Egyptians in the battle of Nezib. On July 1 the Turkish fleet surrendered itself (possibly by an act of treachery) to Muhammad Ali in Alexandria. 1839: The Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane (Supreme Edict of the Rose House) issued by sultan Abdülmecid I, which began the Tanzimât reforms of the Ottoman Empire. 1840: Quadruple Alliance by the European powers to force Egypt to relinquish Syria. British free occupied Aden. 1841: State of Adamawa established by Adams adjacent to Nigeria. 1842: Amir Abdul Qadir, ousted from Algeria by the French. He crossed over to Morocco. Shah Shuja assassinated ending the Durrani rule in Afghanistan. 1847: Amir Abdul Qadir surrendred to France under the condition of safe conduct to a Muslim country of his choice, but France violated its pledge and sent him as a captive to France. 1849: Death of Muhammad Ali of Egypt. 1850: The Báb is executed by the Persian government. Táhirih, a renowned poet and staunch advocate of Bábism also executed. 1852: Release of Amir Abdul Qadir by Napoleon III. He settled in Ottoman Empire.