GRAF, ARTURO (1848- ), Italian poet, of German extraction, was born at Athens. He was educated at Naples University and became a lecturer on Italian literature in Rome, till in 1882 he was appointed professor at Turin. He was one of the founders of the _Giornale della letteratura italiana_, and his publications include valuable prose criticism; but he is best known as a poet. His various volumes of verse--_Poesie e novelle_ (1874), _Dopo il tramonto versi_ (1893), &c.--give him a high place among the recent lyrical writers of his country.
GRAF, KARL HEINRICH (1815-1869), German Old Testament scholar and orientalist, was born at Mülhausen in Alsace on the 28th of February 1815. He studied Biblical exegesis and oriental languages at the university of Strassburg under E. Reuss, and, after holding various teaching posts, was made instructor in French and Hebrew at the Landesschule of Meissen, receiving in 1852 the title of professor. He died on the 16th of July 1869. Graf was one of the chief founders of Old Testament criticism. In his principal work, _Die geschichtlichen Bücher des Alten Testaments_ (1866), he sought to show that the priestly legislation of Exodus, Leviticus and Numbers is of later origin than the book of Deuteronomy. He still, however, held the accepted view, that the Elohistic narratives formed part of the _Grundschrift_ and therefore belonged to the oldest portions of the Pentateuch. The reasons urged against the contention that the priestly legislation and the Elohistic narratives were separated by a space of 500 years were so strong as to induce Graf, in an essay, "Die sogenannte Grundschrift des Pentateuchs," published shortly before his death, to regard the whole _Grundschrift_ as post-exilic and as the latest portion of the Pentateuch. The idea had already been expressed by E. Reuss, but since Graf was the first to introduce it into Germany, the theory, as developed by Julius Wellhausen, has been called the Graf-Wellhausen hypothesis.
Graf also wrote, _Der Segen Moses Deut. 33_ (1857) and _Der Prophet Jeremia erklärt_ (1862). See T. K. Cheyne, _Founders of Old Testament Criticism_ (1893); and Otto Pfleiderer's book translated into English by J. F. Smith as _Development of Theology_ (1890).
