9. Steiner, 1885--_Pasilingua_. A counterblast to Volapük. The author aims at copying the methods of naturally formed international languages like the "lingua franca" or Pidgin-English. Based on English, French, and German; but the English vocabulary forms the groundwork.
10. Eichhorn, 1887--_Weltsprache_. Based on Latin. A leading principle is that each part of speech ought to be recognizable by its form. Thus nouns have two syllables; adjectives, three; pronouns, one; verbal roots, one syllable beginning and ending with a consonant; and so on.
11. Zamenhof, 1887--_Esperanto_. (See below.)
12. Bernhard, 1888--_Lingua franca nuova_. A kind of bastard Italian.
13. Lauda, 1888--_Kosmos_. Draws all its vocabulary from Latin.
14. Henderson, 1888--_Lingua_. Latin vocabulary with modern grammar.
15. Henderson, 1902--_Latinesce_. A simpler and more practical adaptation of Latin by the same author--_e.g._ the present infinitive form does duty for several finite tenses, and words are used in their modern senses.
16. Hoinix (pseudonym for the same indefatigable Mr. Henderson), 1889--_Anglo-franca_. A mixture of French and English. Both this and the barbarized Latin schemes are fairly easy and certainly simpler than the real languages, but they are shocking to the ear, and produce the effect of mutilation of language.
17. Stempel, 1889--_Myrana_. Based on Latin with admixture of other languages.
18. Stempel, 1894--_Communia_. A simplification of No. 17, with a new name.
19. Rosa, 1890--_Nov Latin_. A set of rules for using the Latin dictionary in a certain way as a key to produce something that can be similarly deciphered.
20. Julius Lott, 1890--_Mundolingue_. Founded on Latin. Lott started an international society for a universal language, proposing to build up his language by collaboration of savants thus brought together.
21. Marini, 1891--_Méthode rapide, facile et certaine pour construire un idiome universel_.
22. Liptay, 1892--_Langue catholique_. Based on the theory than an international language already exists (in the words common to many languages), and has only to be discovered.
23. Mill, 1893--_Anti-Volapük_. A simple universal grammar to be applied to the vocabulary of each national language.