Besides being the author of many text-books and occasional papers on educational subjects, he wrote _Das Rechisverhältnis der Volksschule von innen und aussen_ (1829); _Die Schulreform_ (1834); _Schule und Unterricht_ (1839); _Allgemeine Pädagogik_ (1845); _Die deutsche Volksschule_ (1847). Together with Naumann, he also edited the _Archiv für das praktische Volksschulwesen_ (1828-1835).
GRÄFE, KARL FERDINAND VON (1787-1840), German surgeon, was born at Warsaw on the 8th of March 1787. He studied medicine at Halle and Leipzig, and after obtaining licence from the Leipzig university, he was in 1807 appointed private physician to Duke Alexius of Anhalt-Bernburg. In 1811 he became professor of surgery and director of the surgical clinic at Berlin, and during the war with Napoleon he was superintendent of the military hospitals. When peace was concluded in 1815, he resumed his professorial duties. He was also appointed physician to the general staff of the army, and he became a director of the Friedrich Wilhelm Institute and of the Medico-Chirurgical Academy. He died suddenly on the 4th of July 1840 at Hanover, whither he had been called to operate on the eyes of the crown prince. Gräfe did much to advance the practice of surgery in Germany, especially in the treatment of wounds. He improved the rhinoplastic process, and its revival was chiefly due to him. His lectures at the university of Berlin attracted students from all parts of Europe.
The following are his principal works: _Normen für die Ablösung grosser Gliedmassen_ (Berlin, 1812); _Rhinoplastik_ (1818); _Neue Beiträge zur Kunst Theile des Angesichts organisch zu ersetzen_ (1821); _Die epidemisch-kontagiöse Augenblennorrhoë Ägyptens in den europäischen Befreiungsheeren_ (1824); and _Jahresberichte über das klinisch-chirurgisch-augenärztliche Institut der Universität zu Berlin_ (1817-1834). He also edited, with Ph. von Walther, the _Journal für Chirurgie und Augenheilkunde_. See E. Michaelis, _Karl Ferdinand von Gräfe in seiner 30 jährigen Wirken für Staat und Wissenschaft_ (Berlin, 1840).
GRAFFITO, plural _graffiti_, the Italian word meaning "scribbling" or "scratchings" (_graffiare_, to scribble, Gr. [Greek: graphein]), adopted by archaeologists as a general term for the casual writings, rude drawings and markings on ancient buildings, in distinction from the more formal or deliberate writings known as "inscriptions." These "graffiti," either scratched on stone or plaster by a sharp instrument such as a nail, or, more rarely, written in red chalk or black charcoal, are found in great abundance, e.g. on the monuments of ancient Egypt. The best-known "graffiti" are those in Pompeii and in the catacombs and elsewhere in Rome. They have been collected by R. Garrucci (_Graffiti di Pompei_, Paris, 1856), and L. Correra ("Graffiti di Roma" in _Bolletino della commissione municipale archaeologica_, Rome, 1893; see also _Corp. Ins. Lat._ iv., Berlin, 1871). The subject matter of these scribblings is much the same as that of the similar scrawls made to-day by boys, street idlers and the casual "tripper." The schoolboy of Pompeii wrote out lists of nouns and verbs, alphabets and lines from Virgil for memorizing, lovers wrote the names of their beloved, "sportsmen" scribbled the names of horses they had been "tipped," and wrote those of their favourite gladiators. Personal abuse is frequent, and rude caricatures are found, such as that of one Peregrinus with an enormous nose, or of Naso or Nasso with hardly any. Aulus Vettius Firmus writes up his election address and appeals to the _pilicrepi_ or ball-players for their votes for him as aedile. Lines of poetry, chiefly suited for lovers in dejection or triumph, are popular, and Ovid and Propertius appear to be favourites. Apparently private owners of property felt the nuisance of the defacement of their walls, and at Rome near the _Porta Portuensis_ has been found an inscription begging people not to scribble (_scariphare_) on the walls.