We study the distribution functions of several classical error terms in analytic number theory, focusing on the remainder term in the Dirichlet divisor problem $\Delta(x)$. We first bound the discrepancy between the distribution function of $\Delta(x)$ and that of a corresponding probabilistic random model, improving results of Heath-Brown and Lau. We then determine the shape of its large deviations in a certain uniform range, which we believe to be the limit of our method, given our current knowledge about the linear relations among the $\sqrt{ n}$ for square-free positive integers $n$. Finally, we obtain similar results for the error terms in the Gauss circle problem and in the second moment of the Riemann zeta function on the critical line.
Categories: math.NT math.PR