(1) _Person or thing addressed_: "But you know them, _Bishop_;" "_Ye crags and peaks_, I'm with you once again."
(2) _Exclamatory expressions_: "But the _lady_--! Oh, _heavens_! will that spectacle ever depart from my dreams?"
The exclamatory expression, however, may be the person or thing addressed, same as (1), above: thus, "Ah, _young sir_! what are you about?" Or it may be an imperative, forming a sentence: "Oh, _hurry, hurry_, my brave young man!"
(3) _Infinitive phrase_ thrown in loosely: "_To make a long story short_, the company broke up;" "_Truth to say_, he was a conscientious man."
(4) _Prepositional phrase_ not modifying: "Within the railing sat, _to the best of my remembrance_, six quill-driving gentlemen;" "_At all events_, the great man of the prophecy had not yet appeared."
(5) _Participial phrase:_ "But, _generally speaking_, he closed his literary toils at dinner;" "_Considering the burnish of her French tastes_, her noticing even this is creditable."
(6) _Single words_: as, "Oh, _yes_! everybody knew them;" "_No_, let him perish;" "_Well_, he somehow lived along;" "_Why_, grandma, how you're winking!" "_Now_, this story runs thus."
There are some adverbs, such as _perhaps_, _truly_, _really_, _undoubtedly_, _besides_, etc., and some conjunctions, such as _however_, _then_, _moreover_, _therefore_, _nevertheless_, etc., that have an office in the sentence, and should not be confused with the words spoken of above. The words _well_, _now_, _why_, and so on, are independent when they merely arrest the attention without being necessary.
356. In their use, prepositional phrases may be,
(1) _Adjectival_, modifying a noun, pronoun, or word used as a noun: for example, "He took the road _to King Richard's pavilion_;" "I bring reports _on that subject_ from Ascalon."
(2) _Adverbial_, limiting in the same way an adverb limits: as, "All nature around him slept _in calm moonshine_ or _in deep shadow_;" "Far _from the madding crowd's ignoble strife_."
(3) _Independent_, not dependent on any word in the sentence (for examples, see Sec. 355, 4).
357. It will be helpful to sum up here the results of our study of participles and participial phrases, and to set down all the uses which are of importance in analysis:--