The letter C is sounded as in Czar, or as the "ts" in Bits. " " Ĉ " " Church. " " G " " Gag; _i.e._, the hard sound. " " Ĝ " " George; _i.e._,the soft sound. " " H " " His; _i.e._, it is aspirated and never mute as in French. " " Ĥ " " Loch; _i.e._, the Scotch or German "CH" or Spanish "J." " " J " " the English letter Y. Thus Paroloj is sounded Paroloy. " " Ĵ " " the French J in Bijou or the S in the English word Pleasure. " " S " " in Sun; never as in Rose (Rozo in Esperanto). " " Ŝ " " in She.
The English letters Q, W, X and Y do not exist in Esperanto.
The letter Ŭ is only found in diphthongs--Baldaŭ is sounded Bahldow.
The one remaining point to be mentioned is that "AJ" is the same as in By. "OJ" as in Boy.
ALL NOUNS end in O in the nominative singular. Birdo, a bird.
When the direct object to a verb, an N is added to this O. Mi havas birdon, I have a bird.
All nouns form the PLURAL by adding J to the singular. Birdoj, birds. If objective, birdojn.
All ADJECTIVES end in A and agree with the noun in number and case. Mi havas belajn birdojn, I have beautiful birds.
The INFINITIVES of VERBS always end in I. Lerni, to learn. Pensi, to think.
PRESENT INDICATIVES end in AS in all persons singular and plural. Mi iras, I go. Ili iras, they go.
PAST INDICATIVES end in IS in all persons singular and plural. Mi iris, I went. Ni iris, we went.
FUTURE INDICATIVES end in OS in all persons singular and plural. Ŝi iros, she will go.
CONDITIONAL MOOD ends in US in all persons singular and plural. Li irus, he would go.
IMPERATIVE MOOD ends in U. Parolu! speak! Iru! go!
SUBJUNCTIVES are formed by using "KE" and the Imperative. Ke mi iru, that I might go.
The PRESENT PARTICIPLE ACTIVE ends in ANTA--Iranta, going. In the Passive voice in ATA--Farata, being done.
PAST PARTICIPLE ACTIVE ends in INTA--Irinta, having gone. In the Passive voice in ITA--Farita, having been done.
FUTURE PARTICIPLE ACTIVE ends in ONTA--Ironta, about to go. In the Passive voice in OTA--Farota, about to be done.
ADVERBS end in E--Bone, well. Bele, beautifully.
1. The DEFINITE ARTICLE is invariably LA in all cases singular and plural. La Patroj, the Fathers.
2. There is no indefinite article in Esperanto. Patro, a Father; or merely Father, as the case may be.