(VILLEMAIN: _M. de Chateaubriand,çoisRené sa vie, ses écrits, son influence littéraire et politique sur son temps_).--B.]
[Footnote 187: Charles Guillaume Étienne (1778-1845), a dramatist and publicist, appointed Censor in 1810, and a member of the French Academy in 1811. The Bourbons excluded him from his public employment and even from his seat in the Academy, to which he was not re-admitted until 1820, in which year he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies. In 1830 he was one of the signatories to the Address of the 221. Some years later (1839), Louis-Philippe raised him to the peerage.--T.]
[Footnote 188: The Comte de Lorgeril (1778-1843) was elected in 1828 to the seat vacated by M. de Corbière, who had been raised to the peerage. Lorgeril lost his seat in 1830.--B.]
[Footnote 189: The Chamber of Deputies was dissolved on the 16th of May. The departments which had only one electoral college were summoned to vote on the 23rd of June; in the other departments, the district colleges were to meet on the 3rd of July and the departmental colleges on the 20th of July. The opening of the new Chamber was fixed for the 3rd of August.--B.]
[Footnote 190: The _Tribune des départements_, founded by Auguste and Victornin Fabre. After 1830, this sheet became the most violent organ of the Republican Opposition.--B.]
[Footnote 191: Hilaire Étienne Octave Rouillé, Comte, later (on the death of his father in 1840) Marquis de Boissy (1798-1866). He was created a peer of France in 1839, and for ten years was the _enfant terrible_ of the Upper Chamber, harassing the Chancelier Pasquier with his continual interruptions and irreverent sallies. In 1853, he was made a senator, having meantime, in 1851, married the Contessa Guiccioli, who was then herself nearly fifty and had been Byron's "widow" for more than a quarter of a century.--B.]
[Footnote 192: For the full text of the Royal Ordinances of July, see the Appendix at the end of this volume, p. 421.--T.]
[Footnote 193: The Report to the King had been drawn up by M. de Chantelauze.--B.]
[Footnote 194: Article XIV. of the Charter ran thus:
"The King is the Supreme Head of the State, commands the forces on sea and land, declares war, makes treaties of peace, alliance and commerce, appoints to all the offices of the public administration, and makes the rules and _ordinances necessary for the execution of the laws and the safety of the State._"--B.]