[31] See Ellis's _History of the Gold Coast_, also Tozer's _History of Ancient Geography_, Beazley's _Dawn of Modern Geography_, and _Strabo_, B.C. 25, book xvii, edited by Theodore Jansonius ab Almelooven, Amsterdam, 1707.
[32] There is doubt as to whether this _Periplus_ is the entire one with which the classic writers were conversant.
[33] "Et Hanno Carthaginis potentia florente circumvectus a Gabibus ad finem Arabiae navigationem eam prodidit scripto"; (and Hanno, when Carthage flourished, sailed round from Cadiz to the remotest parts of Arabia, and left an account of his voyage in writing) Plinius, lib. ii. cap. lxvii. p.m. 220. See also lib. v. cap. i. p.m. 523, and Pomponius Mela, lib. iii. cap. ix. p. 63, edit. Isaici Vossii.
There is an English version of the _Periplus_, edited by Falconer, London, 1797; and an Oxford edition of it, and some other works, by Dr. Hudson, 1698. Also there is a work on Hanno's _Periplus_ based on MS. in the Meyer Museum at Liverpool by Simonides, not the Iambic poet, who wrote a ridiculous satire against women, quoted by Ælian; nor yet Simonides who was one of the greatest of the ancient poets, and flourished in the seventy-fifth Olympia; but a modern gentleman connected with America, whose work I am sufficient scholar neither to use nor to criticise.
[34] Major identifies this place with Cape Verde, pointing out that the inability of the Lixitae interpreters to understand the language accords with the fact that at the Senegal commences the country of the blacks; "the immense opening" he regards as the Gambia.
[36] The writers of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries commonly divide up the natives of Africa into--1, Moors; 2, Tawny Moors; 3, Black Moors, a term that lingers to this day in our word Blackeymoor; 4, Negroes.
[37] Ato, according to the version given in Grynæus.
[38] Mr. Ling Roth kindly informs me of further instances of this silent trading to be found in _Lander's Journal_, Lond., 1832, iii. 161-163, and Forbes's _Wanderings of a Naturalist_, Lond. 1886, where it is cited for the Kubus of Sumatra. He says it also occurs among the Veddahs, and that there is in no case any fetish control.
Concerning the controversy that is between the French and the Portuguese as to which of them first visited West Africa, with special reference to the fort at Elmina.