.—Concerning Anger.
Anger is the ebullition of the heart’s blood produced by bilious exhalation or
turbidity. Hence it is that the words χολή and χόλος are both used in the sense of anger. Anger is sometimes lust for vengeance. For when we are wronged or think that we are wronged, we are distressed, and there arises this mixture of desire and anger.
There are three forms of anger: rage, which the
Greeks also call χολή or χόλος, μῆνις and κότος. When anger arises
and begins to be roused, it is called rage or χολή or χόλος. Wrath again implies
that the bile endures, that is to say, that the memory of the wrong
abides: and indeed the Greek word for it, μῆνις is derived from
μένειν, and means what
abides and is transferred to memory. Rancour, on the other hand, implies watching for a suitable moment for revenge, and the Greek word for it is κότος from κεῖσθαι.
Anger further is the satellite of reason, the vindicator
of desire. For when we long after anything and are opposed in our
desire by some one, we are angered at that person, as though we had
been wronged: and reason evidently deems that there are just
grounds for displeasure in what has happened, in the case of those who, like us, have in the natural course of things to guard their own position.