See Robert Nisbet Bain, _Pupils of Peter the Great_ (London, 1895), chaps. ii. and iv.; and _The First Romanovs_ (London, 1905), chaps. viii. and xii. (R. N. B.)
EUDOXUS, of Cnidus, Greek savant, flourished about the middle of the 4th century B.C. It is chiefly as an astronomer that his name has come down to us (see ASTRONOMY and ZODIAC). From a life by Diogenes Laërtius, we learn that he studied at Athens under Plato, but, being dismissed, passed over into Egypt, where he remained for sixteen months with the priests of Heliopolis. He then taught physics in Cyzicus and the Propontis, and subsequently, accompanied by a number of pupils, went to Athens. Towards the end of his life he returned to his native place, where he died. Strabo states that he discovered that the solar year is longer than 365 days by 6 hours; Vitruvius that he invented a sun-dial. The _Phaenomena_ of Aratus is a poetical account of the astronomical observations of Eudoxus. Several works have been attributed to him, but they are all lost; some fragments are preserved in the extant [Greek: Tôn Aratou kai Eudoxou phainomenon exêgêseôn biblia tria] of the astronomer Hipparchus (ed. C. Manitius, 1894). According to Aristotle (_Ethics_ x. 2), Eudoxus held that pleasure was the chief good, because (1) all beings sought it and endeavoured to escape its contrary, pain; (2) it is an end in itself, not a relative good. Aristotle, who speaks highly of the sincerity of Eudoxus's convictions, while giving a qualified approval to his arguments, considers him wrong in not distinguishing the different kinds of pleasure and in making pleasure the _summum bonum_.
See J.A. Letronne, _Sur les écrites et les travaux d'Eudoxe de Cnide, d'après L. Ideler_ (1841); G.V. Schiaparelli, _Le Sfere omocentriche di Eudosso_ (Milan, 1876); T.H. Martin in _Académie des inscriptions_, 3rd of October, 1879; article in Ersch and Gruber's _Allgemeine Encyklopädie_.
EUDOXUS, of Cyzicus, Greek navigator, flourished about 130 B.C. He was employed by Ptolemy Euergetes, who sent out a fleet under him to explore the Arabian Sea. After two successful voyages, Eudoxus left the Egyptian service, and proceeded to Cadiz with the object of fitting out an expedition for the purpose of African discovery; and we learn from Strabo, who utilized the results of his observations, that the veteran explorer made at least two voyages southward along the coast of Africa.