[35] The matter in parentheses is side notes in the original.
[36] _Tierra firme_: this term means simply "the continent," and was at that time applied to the northern mainland of South America, as distinguished from the adjacent islands.
[37] Internal evidence indicates that this list was prepared in New Spain. In the MS., in the right-hand column are enumerated the articles demanded for the Philippines; on the left is a statement of articles sent--various memoranda being made on each side. As here presented, the items in the left-hand column follow (within parentheses) the corresponding items on the right hand.
[38] The Spanish _quintal_ (100 _libras_), varied in different provinces; that of Castilla was equivalent to 101.6097 United States pounds. Other denominations: 25 libras = 1 arroba; 4 arrobas = 1 quintal; 20 quintals = 1 tonelada.
[39] Of these measures of capacity, the first set are for liquid measure: 4 copas = 1 cuartillo; 4 cuartillos = 1 azumbre; 8 azumbres = 1 arroba _mayor_ or _cantara_. This _arroba_ equals 4.26304 gallons, and is supposed to contain the weight of 35 _libras_ of pure (_i.e.,_ distilled) water. The _arroba_ for oil, however, is only 3.31853 gallons.
The other measures are for dry substances. _Hanega_ is only another form of _fanega_ (= 1.599 bushels), which is described in _Vol_. II, note 72; the _celemín_ is the same as the _almude_ (note 20, _ante_). Table: 4 ochavillos = 1 racion; 4 raciones = 1 cuartillo; 2 cuartillos = 1 medio; 2 medios = 1 almude; 12 almudes = 1 fanega; 12 fanegas = 1 cahíz.
[40] References to the shares, in goods discovered or produced, which were to be set aside for the king and the church.
[41] _Elem:_ in Retana's text, "el _M_." In some old documents appears the name Elen (or Helin); it apparently refers to the islet off the southwest point of Mindoro which is now called Ylín.
[42] _Pintados_ ("painted"): a term applied to the inhabitants of the Visayas (and afterward extended to those islands), because they painted their bodies with red clay--or, as some writers say, on account of their being tattooed.
[43] The name Manila is derived from a Tagal word, _manilad,_ meaning "a place overgrown with _nilad_"--which is the name of a small tree, bearing white flowers _(Ixora manila)._