The 1260s is a decade. It started on 1 January 1260 and ended on 31 December 1269.
Kublai Khan became the supreme leader (a title for their leader) of the Mongol Empire and moved his capital to Beijing. He was at war with the southern Chinese Song Dynasty. The Mongol Empire lost some of its battles. The first time it lost a battle with Kublai Khan as the leader was in Palestine when fighting the Mamluks of Egypt. The Empire also lost in the Caucasus. The Mamluks were led by their new sultan Baibars. The Mamluks were soon were more in control in the Middle East because they took control of a number of crusader states and also stopped the Mongol attacks from happening as much. The Empire of Nicaea took control of Constantinople and also the Latin Empire so it again became the Byzantine Empire.
In Europe there was problems in politics. Arguments about who was the owner of what land let to many wars in the continent. In England there was the Second Barons' War. This was a civil war between the aristocracy who did not like how the King named Henry III behaved. This was because the King wanted absolute monarchy. King Otakar II of Bohemia became the most important prince in Europe. He got more land by fighting wars and also when his family died some of their land became his. Iceland and Greenland knew of and recognised the overlordship of Norway but when the Norse invaded Scotland the Scottish were able to stop them and they made peace. In Spain the Reconquista was still happening and several important cities were captured again from the Moors. The way the pope was elected was made better. The parliaments of Ireland and England met for the first time.
Several important cultural achievements were made in the decade. Roger Bacon published important scientific work named Opus Majus. Also, Thomas Aquinas published Summa contra Gentiles. Important pices of architecture and sculptures were made in cathedrals in Europe. These include the Cathedral of Chartres and Nicola Pisano's pulpits for the Duomo di Siena and Pisa's Baptistery. In religion, the Sukhothai kingdom in Thailand adopted Buddhism as its official religion. In Europe anti-Semitism became worse because several authorities made laws which said that Jewish people must wear yellow badges so people knew who they were. Many Jewish people were killed in England and the Talmud was attacked and censored by the Catholic Church.
War and politics
Europe
War and peace
North and West Europe
1260 – The Baltic Samogatians and Curonians won the Battle of Durbe against the Teutonic Knights. 1263 – October – King Alexander III of Scotland won the Battle of Largs against the Viking armada (group of ships to fight a war) that was sent by King Haakon IV of Norway. 1263 – The chieftains of the eastern part of Iceland become the last to people to say that they that is was their duty to be loyal to the Norwegian king. This made the Icelandic Commonwealth stop and also stopped the Icelandic civil war. 1266 – The war between Scotland and Norway ended because King Alexander III of Scotland and King Magnus VI of Norway agreed to the Treaty of Perth.
Central and South Europe
1260 – September 4 – The armed forces of King Manfred of Sicily with the Ghibellines won a battle agains the Guelphs at Monte Aperto. 1260 – War started in the Valais (which is now in Switzerland) as the Bishopry of Sion defends against an invasion by the County of Savoy. 1263 – Genoa takes the city of Chania on Crete from the Venetians. 1264 – The Thuringian War of Succession stops. 1266 – February 26 – In the Battle of Benevento an army led by Charles (Count of Anjou) won a battle against an armed force from Germany and Sicily whose leader was King Manfred of Sicily. Manfred is killed in the battle and Pope Clement IV makes Charles king of Sicily and Naples.
Iberian Peninsula (the land that is mostly Spain and Portugal) 1263 – King James I of Aragon wins a battle against the Moors and takes back control of Crevillente during the Reconquista. 1264 – In Spain, King James I of Aragon takes back control the cities of Orihuela and Elx in Alicante from the Moors. This ends more than 500 years of Islamic rule. 1265 – King Alfonso X of Castile takes control the city of Alicante, Spain from the Moors during the Reconquista. 1267 – King Afonso III of Portugal and King Alfonso X of Castile sign a treaty to agree that the Guadiana River is the southern border between Portugal and Spain. This is the same as the border now.