Romanian Orthodox Mission in Transnistria

The Romanian Orthodox Mission in Transnistria was established in the context of Romania's participation in the invasion of the Soviet Union as an ally of Nazi Germany. On 22 June 1941, German armies with Romanian support attacked the Soviet Union. German and Romanian units conquered Bessarabia, Odesa, and Sevastopol, then marched eastward across the Russian steppes toward Stalingrad. On 15 August 1941, the established a mission in Transnistria, the Romanian-occupied part of the Soviet Union. The assumption was that Soviet atheist rule had destroyed the Russian Orthodox Church and the Romanian Orthodox Church took it upon itself to "re-evangelize" the locals.

Creation of the mission

The main architect of the enterprise was Archimandrite Iuliu Scriban. Antonescu's decree of 19 August 1941, which made the occupation of Transnistria official, explicitly stated that the churches that had been closed by the Soviets were to be re-opened and efforts were to be made to return the local population to its spiritual traditions. The Government pressured the Romanian Orthodox Church to extend its authority over the occupied territories and establish a regular bishopric. Initially, the Church resisted since the plan went against canon law - the Russian Patriarchate still held nominal authority over the region.

Evolution to exarchate

The aging Iuliu Scriban found it difficult to manage the mission and in 1942 he was replaced by Visarion Puiu. In November 1942 Puiu was called back from retirement to take over Scriban's duties in Transnistria. Puiu received the official title of "Bishop of Odesa and all Transnistria" but his ecclesiastic province was, under canon law, a temporary exarchate of military nature. Nonetheless, he was once again a member of the . Furthermore, aside from Transnistria, he was also granted authority over the neighboring Metropolis of Bessarabia. Puiu's plan for the exarchate included an evolution of Odesa into a metropolitan see, with two suffragan bishoprics in Balta and Tulchyn. This was partially successful since, indeed, Balta and Tulchyn were raised to bishopric status while Puiu was in office but no bishop was ever appointed because of the Axis retreat.

Before the end of 1942 Puiu sent a report from the occupied territories to the Holy Synod of the Romanian Orthodox Church. He wrote: The document would become evidence at Puiu's trial after the war.

Restoration of Eastern Orthodox practice

The Romanians' effort to restore Orthodox Christian life in the occupied territories was genuine. Under Soviet rule, by 1941, only 1 out of 891 churches which had been standing before the Russian Revolution was still open; 363 had been closed down, 269 partially demolished, 258 completely demolished and no functioning monasteries or convents remained. By the end of the Romanian occupation 600 churches were operating (plus 135 "prayer houses") as well as twelve monasteries and two seminaries. On the other hand, many of the missionaries were former affiliates of the Iron Guard, some were seeking rehabilitation after the 1941 insurrection. Abuse against the Jewish population but also against the local Orthodox Christians was widespread and numerous reports of Orthodox priests partaking and profiting from the abuse exist. In fact, so shocking was the behavior of the missionaries that officers of the Romanian Gendarmerie occupation forces complained in writing with one report reading "priests [...] manage to destroy what the Bolsheviks had failed to destroy, concerning faith in God. This is due to their engaging in illicit business transactions and committing actions which compromise the dignity of their office."

Role in the Holocaust

Perpetrators, bystanders and beneficiaries

According to historian Ion Popa, during the occupation of Transnistria, Puiu was involved in spreading antisemitic propaganda on the ground, particularly propagating the Judeo-Bolshevik theses, but unlike other Orthodox clergymen such as Metropolitan Irineu Mihălcescu of Moldova, Metropolitan Bălan of Transylvania, or Archbishop Nicolae of Oradea, tended to avoid the public expression of antisemitism.