Jacquard machines for two-ply ingrain carpets are usually constructed with 34 rows, and 33-1/2 of these are used. 33-1/2 rows have 33-1/2 × 8, or 268 needles, which carry 1072 threads, the number actually used in what is termed a full “extra super.” Should only 30 of these be used, having 30 × 8, or 240 needles, and carrying 960 threads for warp, the carpet is termed “super;” and if 25 rows, with 25 × 8 = 200 needles are used, carrying 800 threads, the product is called “fine” ingrain, and represents about the lowest grade of these carpets. It frequently happens that we find slight variations in the number of threads used in the various grades of carpet named. The pattern may require such a change, or economy in production may induce the maker to use a smaller number; or, as is done in a few instances, a manufacturer may always make his “extra super” on 32 rows; but all such changes are done by a corresponding depreciation of the value of the fabric, as compared with a full “extra super” of 33-1/2 rows.
Fig. CIX., p. 74, illustrates the full 34 rows, and indicates 26 rows used for illustration of tie-up (4 rows empty on each side). In power-looms the raising of the different journals is generally accomplished by an arrangement of cams, but in hand-looms it is done by the lifter-boards.
In Fig. CIX. the four large holes on each side are made for this purpose, and the wires for raising the journals are shown by heavy lines in tie-up in Fig. CVIII., p. 73. Fig. CXII. represents the process of lifting the journals, as follows:
First pick raises lifter-board _A_, journal 4; second pick raises lifter-board _B_, journal 1; third pick raises lifter-board _A_, journal 3; fourth pick raises lifter-board _B_, journal 2.
The two positions of the four “tails” in these four picks are illustrated as follows: Fig. CXIII., hole in cylinder; CXIV., no hole in cylinder. The black spots represent the knots, either as caught in the slot or passing free in the hole.
Looms tied-up on the foregoing principles have but one operation of the Jacquard needles for every two picks of the loom, there being an operation of the ground and figure lifter-boards in succession between the operations of the Jacquard needles. Each Jacquard needle controls two tails, one connected with the warp for the figure, (red and black in our example), and the other to the warp for the ground, (olive and white in our example). The drawing of the lifter-boards shows the slots for catching the tails in opposite directions from each other; hence, when the figuring tail of the needle is adjusted so as to be lifted by the figure lifter-board, the ground-tail will not be acted on by the ground lifter-board when it rises.