Let $G$ be a complex simply-connected semisimple Lie group and let $\frak{ g}= Lie G$. Let $\frak{ g} = \frak{ n}_- +\frak{ h} + \frak{ n}$ be a triangular decomposition of $\frak{ g}$. One readily has that $Cent\,U({ \frak n})$ is isomorphic to the ring $S({ \frak n})^{ { \frak\n}}$ of symmetric invariants. Using the cascade ${ \cal B}$ of strongly orthogonal roots, some time ago we proved that $S({ \frak n})^{ { \frak n}$ is a polynomial ring $\Bbb C [\xi_1,...,\xi_m]$ where $m$ is the cardinality of ${ \cal B}$. Using this result we establish that the maximal coadjoint of $N = exp \frak { n}$ has codimension $m$. Let $\frak { b}= \frak { h} + \frak { n}$ so that the corresponding subgroup $B$ is a Borel subgroup of $G$. Let $\ell = rank \frak{ g}$. Then in this paper we prove the theorem that the maximal coadjoint orbit of $B$ has codimension $\ell - m$ so that the following statements (1) and (2) are equivalent: (1) -1 is in the Weyl group of $G$ (i.e., $\ell = m$), and (2), B has a nonempty open coadjoint orbit. We remark that a nilpotent or a semisimple group cannot have a nonempty open coadjoint orbit. Celebrated examples where a solvable Lie group has a nonempty coadjoint orbit are due to Piatetski--Shapiro in his counterexample construction of a bounded complex homogeneous domain which is not of Cartan type.
Categories: math.RT