Rokas Šliūpas (2 June 1865 – 26 May 1959) was a Lithuanian physician,Šliū co-founder and chairman of the Lithuanian Red Cross from 1919 to 1932. Educated in Saint Petersburg and Moscow, Šliūpas began a private medical practice in Ariogala. At the same time, he actively supported Lithuanian book smugglers and was arrested by the Tsarist police in 1900 and exiled to Kazan. As a doctor, he was mobilized by the Imperial Russian Army during the Russo-Japanese War in 1904–1905 and World War I in 1914–1918. In Lithuania, he was an active participant in the Lithuanian National Revival, organizing various societies including the cultural Daina Society (which he chaired in 1904–1906) and the educational Saulė Society. He became the first chairman of the Lithuanian Red Cross and worked to establish three hospitals in 1919, organize health care for prisoners of war and war refugees in the difficult and chaotic post-war years. Šliūpas worked to establish Birštonas as a spa town, build a new hospital in Klaipėda (opened in 1933) and a tuberculosis sanatorium in Panemunė (opened in 1932). In 1932, he resigned as chairman of the Lithuanian Red Cross due to disagreements with the authoritarian regime of President Antanas Smetona and devoted his time to his private medical practice.
Early life and education
Šliūpas was born in a well-off family in near Gruzdžiai, then part of the Russian Empire, on 2 June 1865. According to the memoirs of his brother, a noted Lithuania activist Jonas Šliūpas, the family told stories about their wealthy ancestors who traced back to the time of Grand Duke Vytautas (died in 1430). His uncle Aloyzas attended Kražiai College and later became a priest. With his uncle's help, Šliūpas received basic education and got admitted to the Mitau Gymnasium (present-day Latvia) in 1874. At the gymnasium, Šliūpas became interested in Lithuanian language and culture and, when his brother Jonas became editor of Aušra newspaper, helped distribute the illegal Lithuanian press.
In 1884, Šliūpas graduated from the gymnasium and began biology studies at the Saint Petersburg University. There he continued to work for the Lithuanian causes, handwriting Lithuanian-language newsletter Žinių nešėjas (Carrier of News). He worked with Vincas Kudirka on establishing Varpas, a Lithuanian-language newspaper. Šliūpas helped raise funds and visited publisher Martynas Jankus in East Prussia. After the graduation in 1889, Šliūpas decided to study medicine at the University of Moscow. There, he was roommate and close friends with Kazys Grinius, future President of Lithuania. Šliūpas graduated with a medical degree in 1894.
Doctor and activist
In 1891–1893, he helped combat a cholera outbreak as a result of the Russian famine of 1891–1892. After the graduation, he briefly worked at the clinics of the University of Königsberg before taking up a private practice in Ariogala. He actively supported Lithuanian book smugglers who transported and distributed the banned Lithuanian publications. He was implicated in the large case against Lithuanian activists and book smugglers in 1900 (known as Liudas Vaineikis case) and was sentenced to two years of exile in February 1902. He was exiled to Kazan. He briefly returned to Lithuania in 1904 but was mobilized to serve as a medic in the Russo-Japanese War, including in the Battle of Mukden. He returned to Lithuania and settled in Garliava where he lived until his death. The Lithuanian press ban was lifted in 1904 and Lithuanians were allowed to organize their own cultural societies. Šliūpas became an active organizer. He helped organize and in 1904–1906 chaired the Daina Society which organized concerts and theater performances. He also helped organize the Saulė Society which established Lithuanian-language schools and the Lithuanian Scientific Society which promoted scholarly research, and supported Ateitis and Pavasaris magazines for Catholic youth. In 1910, together with Saliamonas Banaitis and others he organized the consumers' co-operative Nemunas and was its chairman in 1910–1914.