[242] On totemism see MCLENNAN, _Patriarchal Theory_, 206, 207, 227-29, 230-36; _Studies_, II, 368 ff., _passim_; MORGAN, _Ancient Society_, 49 ff., who gives many facts relating to totem _gentes_ among the American Indians and elsewhere; WAKE, _Marriage and Kinship_, Index; FISON AND HOWITT, _Kamilaroi and Kurnai_, 40-49, 165-71, who criticise LUBBOCK, _Origin of Civilization_, 210, 338 ff., 263; STARCKE, _Primitive Family_, 20 ff., 29 ff., _passim_; TYLOR, _Primitive Culture_, I, 42, 213, 215. WESTERMARCK, _Human Marriage_, chap, ix, denies that tattooing is fundamentally connected with totemism, and holds that it is a form of ornamentation to serve as a means of sexual attraction. _Cf._ MUCKE, _Horde und Familie_, 77; PLOSS, _Das Weib_, I, 94 ff.; 196 ff.; BACHOFEN, _Mutterrecht_, 335; FRASER, _Totemism_; _idem_, _Golden Bough_, III, 416 ff.; CRAWLEY, _Mystic Rose_, 249, 398, 457, 470; HELLWALD, _Die mensch. Familie_, 190 ff.; FLETCHER, "A Study from the Omaha Tribe," _Procds. A. A. A. S._, XLVI, 325-34; _idem_, "Emblematic Use of the Tree in the Dakotan Group," _ibid._, XLV, 191-209; especially KOHLER, _Zur Urgeschichte der Ehe_, 27 ff.; and SPENCER AND GILLEN, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, containing the best and fullest account of the Australian forms of the institution.