The formation, accretion and growth of supermassive black holes in the early universe are investigated. The accretion rate ${ \dot M}$ is calculated using the Bondi accretion rate onto black holes. Starting with initial seed black holes with masses $M_{ \rm BH}\sim 10^2-10^3M_{ \odot}$, the Bondi accretion rate can evolve into a supermassive black hole with masses $M_{ \rm BH}\sim 10^9-10^{ 10}M_{ \odot}$ and with a young quasar lifetime $\sim 10^5-10^6$ years by super-Eddington accretion.
Categories: astro-ph.HE gr-qc
