99 "Namque omnia loca quae thuris constiterit vapore fumasse, si tamen ea fuisse in jure thurificantium probabitur, fisco nostro adsocianda censemus," &c.--_Vid._ also _supra_, p. 48.
100 I give these numbers on the authority of the Almanac de Gotha.
101 The facts of this curious affair have never been published, but they are preserved in the ecclesiastical archives of Moscow, and a copy of them in the ecclesiastical academy of St Petersburgh.--_Strahl's Beyträge zur Russischen Kirchengeschichte_, p. 239.
102 Hermann Geschichte von Russland, 1853, vol. v., p. 89.
103 Anointment with oil makes a part of the Greek ritual of baptism.
104 These regulations may appear strange in a country like this, but in Russia all the population is divided into various classes, and nobody can pass from one of them into another without the authorization of the Government; as, for instance, if a peasant or agriculturist wishes to become a burgher by settling in a town. The peasantry in the Baltic provinces were emancipated under the reign of the Emperor Alexander, but the landowners still maintain a certain authority over them.
106 Bodenstedt's Morning Land; or, Thousand and One Days in the East. Second Series, vol. i., p. 61, _et seq._, a work which is particularly interesting at the present time.
107 Studien über Russland, vol. i., p. 101.
108 The Russians of that time were known as slave dealers, according to Benjamin of Tudela, a Jewish traveller of the same period.
109 Travels of Ibn Foslan, German translation, by Frähn, p. 7.
111 It owned before the confiscation of the church estates more than a hundred thousand male serfs.
112 Studien über Russland, vol. i. p. 87.
114 This reform, accomplished in the reign of Alexius, father of Peter the Great, consisted chiefly in the correction of the text of the Slavonic Scriptures and liturgical books, which had been greatly disfigured by the ignorance of successive copyists, and in the prohibition of some superstitious practices, which had usurped an important part in the divine service of the Russian Church. These wise reforms produced, however, a violent opposition, and several millions separated from the established church, and are known, though divided into many sects, under the general appellation of _Raskolniks_, _i.e._, schismatics, whilst they call themselves _Starovertzi_, or those of the old faith, and designate the established church by the name of the Niconian heresy.