_Panard_, a limping man, leaning to one side as he walks.
_Lou Panard_, the star Antares which, rising late and setting early, not appearing much above the horizon, is visible only on one side of it.
4. THE FILIATION OF THE ENGLISH FOOT, OF THE RHINELAND FOOT, AND OF THE MARSEILLES PAN
In the description of the ancient cubits and talents and of the Roman system derived from them, the filiation of the English system of weights and measures, and of the Scots and other cognate systems, is clearly seen. There was no taking of a King’s heel-to-toe as a foot, no pound imported from some unknown country at an unknown period, no wheat-quarter preserved in the dimensions of an Egyptian sarcophagus, not even a pint from the Roman sextarius; legend disappears, the course of evolution, and, at one point, of involution, is clear, and as thoroughly scientific as in any system invented by an Academy of Sciences. Here are the links of filiation of the English foot:
2. The royal cubit, increased from the meridian cubit.
3. The royal foot, two-thirds of the royal cubit.
5. The Alexandrian talent, the weight of a royal cubic foot of water.
6. The Roman ounce, 1/1500 of the Alexandrian talent.
7. The English talent, 1000 Roman ounces.
8. The volume of 1000 Roman ounces of water, the original wine-bushel.
9. The 1000-ounce Quadrantal becomes the cubic foot, its side giving the English foot.
For the Rhineland and Scots system we have:
2. The Arabic or Black cubit, 7 palms of the meridian cubit’s 6 palms.
3. The Arabic foot, two-thirds of the Arabic cubit.
4. The Arabic talent or Cantar, the weight of an Arabic cubic foot of water.
5. The Troy ounce, 1/1500 of the Cantar, and coinciding with 10 lesser dirhems of about 48 grains.
6. The Rhineland talent of 1000 Troy ounces Amsterdam standard.
7. The Quadrantal containing 1000 Troy ounces of water becomes the cubic Rhineland foot, its side giving the measure of the Rhineland foot.
2. The Arabic cubit, 7 palms of the meridian cubit’s 6 palms.
3. The Arabic cubit cubed, in the corn-measure of medieval Egypt, the Cargo of Marseilles, the Setier of Paris.
4. The half-cargo reduced to wine-measure in wheat-water ratio becomes the Mieirolo; of which one-fourth is the Escandau or Standard measure.