Barytes Citrat of barytes. Lime lime. Magnesia magnesia. Potash potash. Soda soda. Ammoniac ammoniac. Oxyd of zinc zinc. manganese manganese. iron iron. lead lead. cobalt cobalt. copper copper. arsenic arsenic. mercury mercury. antimony antimony. silver silver. gold gold. platina platina. Argill argill.
[Note A: These combinations were unknown to the ancient chemists. The order of affinity of the salifiable bases with this acid was determined by Mr Bergman and by Mr de Breney of the Dijon Academy.--A.]
SECT. XXVIII.--_Observations upon Citric Acid, and its Combinations._
The citric acid is procured by expression from lemons, and is found in the juices of many other fruits mixed with malic acid. To obtain it pure and concentrated, it is first allowed to depurate from the mucous part of the fruit by long rest in a cool cellar, and is afterwards concentrated by exposing it to the temperature of 4 or 5 degrees below Zero, from 21° to 23° of Fahrenheit, the water is frozen, and the acid remains liquid, reduced to about an eighth part of its original bulk. A lower degree of cold would occasion the acid to be engaged amongst the ice, and render it difficultly separable. This process was pointed out by Mr Georgius.
It is more easily obtained by saturating the lemon-juice with lime, so as to form a citrat of lime, which is insoluble in water; wash this salt, and pour on a proper quantity of sulphuric acid; this forms a sulphat of lime, which precipitates and leaves the citric acid free in the liquor.
TABLE _of the Combinations of Pyro-lignous Acid with the Salifiable Bases, in the Order of Affinity(A)._
Lime Pyro-mucite of lime. Barytes barytes. Potash potash. Soda soda. Magnesia magnesia. Ammoniac ammoniac. Oxyd of zinc zinc. manganese manganese. iron iron. lead lead. tin tin. cobalt cobalt. copper copper. nickel nickel. arsenic arsenic. bismuth bismuth. mercury mercury. antimony antimony. silver silver. gold gold. platina platina. Argill argill.
[Note A: The above affinities were determined by Messrs de Morveau and EloI Boursier de Clervaux. These combinations were entirely unknown till lately.--A.]
SECT. XXIX.--_Observations upon Pyro-lignous Acid, and its Combinations._
The ancient chemists observed that most of the woods, especially the more heavy and compact ones, gave out a particular acid spirit, by distillation, in a naked fire; but, before Mr Goetling, who gives an account of his experiments upon this subject in Crell's Chemical Journal for 1779, no one had ever made any inquiry into its nature and properties. This acid appears to be the same, whatever be the wood it is procured from. When first distilled, it is of a brown colour, and considerably impregnated with charcoal and oil; it is purified from these by a second distillation. The pyro-lignous radical is chiefly composed of hydrogen and charcoal.