Eben Cedron Smeed (December 8, 1830 - August 24, 1892) was an American civil engineer who was best known for his work on railroads, particularly the United States Military Railroad (USMRR) in supporting Sherman's Atlanta and Savannah campaigns working first under General Herman Haupt and then Colonel William Wierman Wright. Smeed typified the successful, self-made civil engineer in the 19th century.
Haupt praised Smeed as a "man without education... [and nevertheless] a close student [and] expert mathematician" as well as the best organizer of worksites Haupt had ever seen. Smeed's work on building the Chattahoochee bridge was in Haupt's opinion, unmatched anywhere in the world or military history.
Early life and career
Smeed was born into a pioneer family of six in Nicholson Township, Wyoming County, Pennsylvania on December 8, 1830.
Smeed married Mary Smeed (1833-1876) and had a daughter, Kate Smeed Cross (1858-1943). With his brother Mathias, Smeed started as a rodman in 1851 on the Catawissa Railroad in Columbia County, Pennsylvania. Smeed became Road Supervisor, in charge of bridges and trestles.
In 1852, Smeed was one of three engineers who designed the old Portage bridge on the Erie Railroad. He also worked on building several large stone arches still standing on the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad near Scranton, Pennsylvania. In 1853, he worked on the Lackawanna and Bloomsburg Railroad becoming its superintendent.
Civil war
In 1862, Smeed came to Virginia in the employ of Daniel Stone as a foreman of carpenters. Smeed was superintendent for the pontoon bridge crossing of the Rappahannock on the occasion of General Burnside's ill-fated attack on Fredericksburg.
In November 1862, Smeed was with Colonel William Wright who was assigned by Haupt as Chief Engineer and Superintendent of Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac Railroad to rebuild the wharves at Acquia creek as well as fifteen miles of the railroad to Fredericksburg, Virginia controlled by the Union army with Adna Anderson acted as chief engineer of construction. After rebuilding the bridges and wharves for the road, Wright was forced to abandon Acquia creek on September 6, 1862, due to Lee's victory at the Second Battle of Bull Run. Wright returned to Acquia creek in November 1862 while Lee had destroyed the railroad line from its terminus at Acquia creek all the way to Fredericksburg. Working under Wright, Smeed rebuilt the road including the Potomac creek high bridge but was forced to again abandon the railroad in June 1863 when Lee's advance to Gettysburg forced Union forces to retreat from their Fredericksburg positions.
As Haupt noted in his memoirs, in this 1863 retreat, Smeed remained at his station long after they had been evacuated by the military in retreat. In this case, Smeed led a small force of carpenters, worked for nearly half a day under fire, until their ropes were cut, the pulleys smashed, and the timbers knocked about with shells. A military force of 200 men, which had been detailed to assist, straggled off soon after the action commenced, not leaving a single man to protect Smeed's crew.
For a detailed discussion on Smeed's role in Sherman's Atlanta campaign, see this article.