Of little importance are the sands and gravels of glacial origin which lie thinly in the depressions and lower lands of the present glaciated surface.
The geological events may be briefly enumerated in ascending order as follows:—
Deposits of glacial débris and weathering products of present surface.
This system is considered as a complex assemblage of metamorphosed igneous rocks whose common and marked characteristics are pronounced alteration and deformation, accomplished in pre-Huronian times. A limited amount of sedimentary material, such as the iron ore formation, is also represented. These old diabases, porphyries and related types are much altered and have developed a more or less uniform schistosity through the secondary development of micaceous minerals, but in other respects the complex shows extreme inconstancy and variety from point to point. For this reason the various localities are separately described. By inspection of the map three fairly well defined areas are distinguishable, in addition to which are portions of several others.
Much of the country between Obushkong and Firth lakes is underlain by Keewatin. On the east, south and west sides, these rocks disappear beneath the Huronian or are interrupted by masses of diabase, but on the north they merge into Laurentian gneiss, the contact with which is ill-defined. Although some of them retain much of their original massive character, well defined schistosity is the dominant feature. The schists stand vertically or at angles little less than 90° and trend in a general east and west direction. A series of compass observations made at points over the whole area show the strike to vary from N. 65° E. to S. 75° E.
One of the most abundant rock types is a stratiform, finely speckled hornblende gneiss or schist, the black hornblende cleavage faces giving it a glistening appearance on newly broken surfaces. It is quite fresh, perfectly crystalline and usually eminently fissile, but sometimes grades into a nearly massive dioritic form of undoubted igneous nature. Extensive exposures occur around Gould lake where the gneiss is traversed by numerous stringers of quartz, rusty in colour from the oxidation of pyrite. It is also well exposed near McLaughlin and McIntosh lakes and to the east and south-east of Foot lake. A fine grained chlorite schist of dull greenish black colour is common in this and all the other areas in the district. To the north-east of Serpentine lake it appears as a sheared phase of a weathered diabase, but it has also been derived from porphyry, exposures being seen between Foot and Obushkong lakes, where feldspar phenocrysts appear on weathered surfaces of the schist as pale, oblong spots. What is probably iron formation was observed at points 25 chains south of Gould lake, and 10 chains south of a little pond just east of Serpentine lake. Both outcrops consist of banded, grey quartzite interlaminated with chlorite schist, but magnetite-bearing bands were not found. Occasionally, narrow bands of pale grey, felsitic schists may be seen among the more common darker rocks. From evidence obtained at various points, these appear to have resulted from the decomposition and shearing of granite porphyry dikes probably connected with the Laurentian, and which penetrated the Keewatin during the time of Laurentian intrusion. Serpentine was observed between Foot lake and Obushkong at 20 chains from the latter. The surface is covered by a loose network of fine seams of asbestos which weather white and render the rock somewhat conspicuous. Its recognition is further simplified by the dull green, amorphous appearance of fresh surfaces, the slight translucence of thin edges and the glistening green seams of asbestos which traverse it abundantly. The same rock is more extensively exposed on the south-west of Serpentine lake and on Firth lake half a mile north of the portage leading to the former, also at less than a quarter of a mile south of this portage. It is associated with and derived from a dark green massive rock to which the name wehrlite is applicable, and a more detailed description of which appears later.