15. The localisation of the surface drainage.
16. Water percolating into a benching trench, made to receive the toe of a slope, thereby impairing the cohesion of the soil and reducing its weight-carrying capacity and stability.
18. The different nature and state of the earth tipped into an embankment and the consequent localisation of water in the more pervious soil, causing unequal settlement, subsidence and movement.
19. An embankment being tipped of material in a different state of dryness, moistness, hardness, softness, or in a frozen condition.
20. The size and character of the earth, as excavated in the cuttings; for instance, whether picked and shovelled soil, or lumps of excavation simply barred away and deposited in small masses with earth approaching a state of dirt or mud.
21. Overpressure upon the material forming an embankment.
22. The different conditions of the weather, when an embankment is tipped, causing portions to become dry, wet, or frozen.
23. The lead or distance from a cutting to the place of deposition being of considerable length.
24. The earth being loosened from vibration and concussion during transit in the wagons, and in the process of deposition, thus causing it to be non-homogeneous.
25. By the earth being tipped with greater impetus at one part than at another place.
26. An embankment not being tipped to its full width as it progresses, whether in one or more wagon roads.
27. First tipping the central portion of an embankment, and completing the width and slope by side deposition after some time has elapsed.
28. Tipping the contents of earth wagons from a considerable height, thereby loosening and separating the soil, causing the larger and heavier material to be near the foot of a slope and in lumps, and an embankment to have interstices and be temporarily or permanently unstable.
29. Irregular consolidation, artificial or otherwise.
30. Unequal exposure, particularly in embankments upon sidelong ground.
31. Insufficient width of the formation, especially in high and exposed embankments.
32. The junction of two embankments tipped from cuttings in different kinds of earth.
33. No time being allowed for subsidence or consolidation before the deposited earth is subject to varying loads and vibration.