[9] Homer implicitly denies the spirituality of his Gods when he says that the Hercules which was summoned up by Ulysses was only his _eidolon_, or phantom, the real man being in Olympus among the happy Gods.
[10] See an instructive article on 'Shekinah' in Dr. Hastings's 'Dictionary of the Bible'.
[11] "And mine eternal jewel given to the common enemy of man."--'Macbeth,' Act III. scene i.
[12] The Shekinah was also associated with a divine radiance, or glory.
[13] _Mi mi_ (august body) in the names of others involves a more material conception of deity.
[14] Corresponding to the _mo acha_, uncle of peace, and _ski acha_, rough uncle, of the Ainus.
[18] For deities of classes consult Dr. Tylor's 'Primitive Culture,' ii. 242.
The importance of the deification of human beings in Shinto has been grossly exaggerated both by European scholars and by modern Japanese writers. Grant Allen, for example, says, in his 'Evolution of the Idea of God': "We know that some whole great national creeds, like the Shinto of Japan, recognize no deities at all, save living kings and dead ancestral spirits." He was probably misled by the old writer Kaempfer, whose ignorance of the subject is stupendous. The truth is that Shinto is derived in a much less degree from the second of the two great currents of religious thought than from the first. It has comparatively little worship of human beings. In the _Kojiki_, _Nihongi_, and _Yengishiki_ we meet with hardly anything of this element. None of their great Gods are individual human beings, though at a later period a few deities of this class attained to considerable eminence and popularity. An analysis of a list of "Greater Shrines," prepared in the tenth century, yields the following results: Of the Gods comprised in it, seventeen are nature deities, one is a sword, which probably represented a nature deity, two are more or less legendary deceased Mikados, one is the deified type and supposed ancestor of a priestly corporation, one is the ancestor of an empress, and one a deceased statesman.
=Deified Individual Men=.--Like Nature-Gods, Man-Gods may be divided into three classes--namely, deified individual men, deified classes of men, and deified human qualities. The first of these classes comprises the Mikados, living or dead, and numerous heroes, of whom Yamato-dake, the legendary conqueror of the eastern part of Japan, and Sugahara (Tenjin), the god of learning, may be quoted as examples.