[14] For a brief summary of its proceedings, see Appendix B.
[16] It is worthy of note, as Lombroso remarks, that the first investigator of the criminal in England on modern scientific lines should be a clergyman--the Rev. W. D. Morrison. See his "Reflections on the Theory of Criminality" in the _Journal of Mental Science_, April 1889.
[17] This, and most of the other opinions of Professor Benedikt quoted in this section, are from _Kraniometrie und Kephalometrie_, Vienna, 1889.
[18] The evolutionary tendency of the skull among the higher vertebrates seems to be from the asymmetrical to the symmetrical, while the tendency of the brain is from the symmetrical to the asymmetrical. See M. O. Fraenkel: "Etwas über Schädel-Asymmetrie und Stirnnaht," _Neurologisches Centralblatt_, August 1, 1888.
[19] _Archivio di Psichiatria._ 1888. Fasc. VI.
[20] For an admirable statement of the present condition of the question see an article by Professor Fallot of Marseilles, "Le Cerveau des Criminels," in the _Archives de l'Anthropologie Criminelle_, 15th May 1889. Lombroso's treatment of this question is extremely brief, and not always accurate.
[21] "Lectures on Physiognomical Diagnosis of Disease." _Medical Times_, 1862.
[22] "Contributions à l'Étude de quelques Variétés Morphologiques de l'Oreille Humaine." _Revue d'Anthropologie_, 15th April, 1886.
[23] Dr. F. Warner, "Form of Ear as a Sign of Defective Development." _Lancet_, 15th Feb. 1890.
[24] Schwalbe, who distinguishes five principal forms of the Darwinian tubercle, regards it as normal, and believes that with a little practice it might be discovered in nearly all ears. This may well be, but in its distinctly marked form it can scarcely be called normal.
[25] See his paper, "Lo Scheletro e la forma del naso nei criminali, nei pazzi, negli epilettici e nei cretini," in the _Archivio di Psichiatria_ for 1888. Fasc. I.--Professor Héger, in a communication to the Société d'Anthropologie of Brussels, remarks that he is able to confirm many of Dr. Ottolenghi's conclusions with reference to the nasal aperture in the cranium, by examination of the skulls of Belgian murderers.
[26] Almost as well marked as this tendency to fair hair among Italian sexual offenders--which possibly may be a question of race--is the predominance of blue eyes. Ottolenghi, who considers it as one of the most constant characters of the class, gives the following figures:--