[87] Denham and Clapperton, _Travels_ (1826), p. 20 (Denham).
[88] Hind, _Narrative of the Canadian Exploring Expedition_ (London, 1860), vol. i. p. 316.
[89] Captain John Smith, _Sixth Voyage to Virginia_ (1606); Pinkerton (1811), vol. xii. p. 35.
[90] Cuming, _Journal of the Archaeological Association_, vol. iii. p. 27.
[91] Turner, _Nineteen Years in Polynesia_ (London, 1861), p. 276.
[92] Beechey, _Voyage to the Pacific_ (London, 1831), vol. i. p. 143.
[93] Williams, _Fiji and the Fijians_ (London, 1858), vol. i. p. 57.
[94] Wilson, _Pellew Islands_ (ed. Keate, London, 1788), pl. v, fig. 1, p. 310.
[95] Klemm, _Werkzeuge und Waffen_ (1858), p. 50.
[96] Owen, _Comp. Anatomy and Physiology of Vertebrates_ (1846), vol. ii. 1. p.
[97] Klemm, l. c., p. 31 (‘die Schwanzstachel eines Roches,’ i.e. ‘the caudal spine of a ray.’--ED.).
[98] Wilson, _Prehistoric Man_ (London, 1862), vol. i. p. 146.
[99] Cuming, _Journal of the Archaeological Association_, vol. iii. p. 26.
[100] The probability of the aboriginal man having derived his first lessons from this source may be judged of by the accounts given by travellers of the effects produced by the large thorns of trees in South Africa, of which there is a good account in Routledge’s _Natural History of Man_, by Rev. J. G. Wood (1868-70), vol. i. p. 235. Large animals are said to be frequently destroyed, and even to have impaled themselves, upon the large, strong spines of the thorny Acacia. Throughout Central Africa a pair of tweezers for extracting thorns is an indispensable requisite in the equipment of every native.
[101] Beechey, _Voyage to the Pacific_ (London, 1831), vol. i. pp. 47-8.
[103] Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_ (London, 1829), vol. i. chap. viii.
[105] I exclude from this category all nippers, cross-bills, and prehensile implements.
[106] Jardine’s _Naturalist’s Library_ (Edinb. 1843): _Ichthyology_ (Hamilton), vol. vi, part 2, p. 335.
[107] Choris, _Voyage Pictoresque autour du Monde_ (Paris, 1822), ‘Isles Radak,’ pl. ii. 1 and 4.
[108] Cook, _Third Voyage_ (London, 1842), vol. ii. p. 251.
[109] Klemm, l. c., pp. 63-4; Wilkes, _United States Exploring Expedition_ (Philadelphia, 1845), vol. v. ch. ii. pp. 49, 79.
[110] King, ‘The Industrial Arts of the Esquimaux,’ _Journ. Ethno. Soc._ (1848), vol. i. p. 290.