North America, the English colonization of, 454.
Novatian and Cornelius, the schism between, 78.
Nunneries, reformation of, by St. Benedict, 200 --of the twelfth century, the, 283.
Odoacer, King of Italy, 111 --overthrow of, 118.
Omar, the lieutenant of Mohammed, 158, 160 --chosen caliph, 162 --destruction of the Alexandrian library, 164 --his habits, 163, 165.
Orleans, the siege of, 385 --relieved by Joan of Arc, 387 _et seq._
Ostrogoths, overthrow of the, in Italy, 127.
Palestine, eagerness for news from, during the Crusades, 275.
Pantheism, form of, in the thirteenth century, 298.
Papacy, the, state of, during the tenth century, 220, 235 --supremacy of, under Hildebrand, 250 _et seq._ --general subjection to, 289 --triumphs of, in the thirteenth century, 314 --diminished consideration of, 325 --struggle of Philip the Handsome with, 326 _et seq._ --the schism in, 342 --state of, in the fifteenth century, 369.
Papal supremacy, the, abjured by England, 430.
Paper, first manufacture of, from rags, 392.
Paris, state of, under John the Fearless, 364 --the massacre of St. Bartholomew in, 442.
Parliament, first summoned in England, 313 --concessions wrung from Edward I. by, 320.
Party libels, prevalence of, under Walpole, 505.
Peasantry, the, insurrection of, during fourteenth century, 356 --state of, during fifteenth century, 374 _et seq._ --the French, before the Revolution, 521.
People, state of the, under the early emperors, 34 _et seq._ --conditions of Magna Charta regarding the, 309.
Pepin, accession of, 182 --crowned king, 183.
Persia, new monarchy of, 71 --subdued by the Mohammedans, 165.
Pestilence, frequency of, during the tenth century, 236.
Peter the Hermit, preaches the first Crusade, 262.
Peterborough, Lord, the victories of, in Spain, 501.
Philip I. of France, attacks of Hildebrand on, 256.
Philip le Bel, struggle of, with Boniface VIII., 326 _et seq._ --arrests the latter, 329 _et seq._ --poisons Benedict XI., 331 --secures election of Bernard de Goth, 331 --the persecution of the Templars, 337 _et seq._
Philip II., accession of, 432 --the Spanish Armada, 444.
Philip of Valois, the victory of, at Cassel, 353.
Philip Augustus, conquest of the English possessions by, 305.
Pitt, (Lord Chatham,) the ministry of, 513.