The province of Kurdistan (also known as Ardalan; ) was a western province of Safavid Iran, whose size varied throughout its existence due to political and military developments.
The office of vali (viceroy) of Kurdistan was generally held by the Ardalan dynasty, the leading power amongst the Kurdish confederations.
Administration
Kurdistan was a western province of Safavid Iran, whose size varied throughout its existence due to political and military developments. It was one of the five velayats of the country, being ruled by a vali (viceroy), who was nearly an independent governor. The valis generally belonged to prominent local families, and were officially chosen by the shah (king) as a compromise of regional autonomy. Nevertheless, they ruled in a hereditary manner. In rare occasions a vali was appointed to a velayat he had no connection to. This could possibly cause issues, such as in the 1680s Kurdistan, where a non-Kurdish vali chosen by Shah Soleyman () was chased out by the locals. The position of vali of Kurdistan was held by the Ardalan dynasty, the leading power amongst the Kurdish confederations. Available records suggest that before the 17th-century, the Safavids rarely intervened in the succession of the Ardalan governors. However, they did occasionally support one claimant against another.
History
16th century
In 1508, the local rulers of Kurdistan acknowledged the suzerainty of the Safavids. Shah Tahmasp I () made numerous attempts to inregrate the Kurds into his kingdom. The offspring of the Kurdish emirs were welcomed into the royal court and educated alongside the Safavid princes. They were anticipated to develop into devoted servants of the shah, being taught a variety of subjects, such as military expertise. Sharafkhan Bidlisi, who was raised at Tahmasp I's court, described his upbringing there;
The modern historian Akihiko Yamaguchi considers Tahmasp I's program to be "nothing less than a hostage policy", but also states that Sharafkhan Bidlisi's description demonstrates that Tahmasp I planned to increase their loyalty to him, and that it significantly strengthened the court's relationship with the local lords. Another important aspect of Tahmasp I's Kurdish policy was the enrollment of young members of Kurdish ruling families into the qurchi (royal guards). A Kurd who had been raised in the court or served as a qurchi was occasionally elevated to become the head of his own tribe. These tribal leaders were anticipated to keep preserve their personal ties with the shah and the royal court due to their court schooling or employment as a qurchi. Nevertheless, during Tahmasp I's rule the Kurds were overlooked in the administration. Prominent positions in the political and military spheres were predominantly allocated to members of the Qizilbash; few Kurdish individuals acquired a rank high enough to be recognized in historical Safavid records and alike. Tahmasp I's goal of ensuring the Kurds loyalty was mainly successful, since only a few Kurdish emirs defected to the Ottoman Empire after the Peace of Amasya, which forbid the Safavids and Ottomans from interfering in each others internal affairs.
Following the death of Tahmasp I in 1576, a power struggle amongst the Qizilbash tribes ensured, shortly followed by a Ottoman invasion, which impelled the Kurdish tribes under Safavid rule to once again switch back and forth between them and the Ottomans. The conflict was resolved through the Treaty of Constantinople in 1590, which led to the relinquishment of the western portion of Iran to the Ottomans. This also included the majority of Kurdistan, which would remain in Ottoman hands for over ten years. From 1577 onwards, Sonqor and Dinavar came under direct Safavid control, and continued to do so even after Zanganeh tribe were made its hereditary governors in 1639.
Kurdistan was amongst the areas affected by the reforms of Shah Abbas I (). From now on, as long as the Kurdish emirs remained faithful to Safavids, their hereditary titles would be acknowledged by the shah. Up to the end of the Safavid kingdom, this policy was in effect. The Dastur al-Muluk, a Safavid administrative manual that portrays the world of the late Safavid era, further demonstrates that the youngsters of the Ardalan dynasty were raised in the royal court even at the conclusion of the Safavid era.