HUTTER, LEONHARD (1563-1616), German Lutheran theologian, was born at Nellingen near Ulm in January 1563. From 1581 he studied at the universities of Strassburg, Leipzig, Heidelberg and Jena. In 1594 he began to give theological lectures at Jena, and in 1596 accepted a call as professor of theology at Wittenberg, where he died on the 23rd of October 1616. Hutter was a stern champion of Lutheran orthodoxy, as set down in the confessions and embodied in his own _Compendium locorum theologicorum_ (1610; reprinted 1863), being so faithful to his master as to win the title of "Luther redonatus."
In reply to Rudolf Hospinian's _Concordia discors_ (1607), he wrote a work, rich in historical material but one-sided in its apologetics, _Concordia concors_ (1614), defending the formula of Concord, which he regarded as inspired. His _Irenicum vere christianum_ is directed against David Pareus (1548-1622), professor primarius at Heidelberg, who in _Irenicum sive de unione et synodo Evangelicorum_ (1614) had pleaded for a reconciliation of Lutheranism and Calvinism; his _Calvinista aulopoliticus_ (1610) was written against the "damnable Calvinism" which was becoming prevalent in Holstein and Brandenburg. Another work, based on the formula of Concord, was entitled _Loci communes theologici_.
HUTTON, CHARLES (1737-1823), English mathematician, was born at Newcastle-on-Tyne on the 14th of August 1737. He was educated in a school at Jesmond, kept by Mr Ivison, a clergyman of the church of England. There is reason to believe, on the evidence of two pay-bills, that for a short time in 1755 and 1756 Hutton worked in Old Long Benton colliery; at any rate, on Ivison's promotion to a living, Hutton succeeded to the Jesmond school, whence, in consequence of increasing pupils, he removed to Stote's Hall. While he taught during the day at Stote's Hall, he studied mathematics in the evening at a school in Newcastle. In 1760 he married, and began tuition on a larger scale in Newcastle, where he had among his pupils John Scott, afterwards Lord Eldon, chancellor of England. In 1764 he published his first work, _The Schoolmaster's Guide, or a Complete System of Practical Arithmetic_, which in 1770 was followed by his _Treatise on Mensuration both in Theory and Practice_. In 1772 appeared a tract on _The Principles of Bridges_, suggested by the destruction of Newcastle bridge by a high flood on the 17th of November 1771. In 1773 he was appointed professor of mathematics at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and in the following year he was elected F.R.S. and reported on Nevil Maskelyne's determination of the mean density and mass of the earth from measurements taken in 1774-1776 at Mount Schiehallion in Perthshire. This account appeared in the _Philosophical Transactions_ for 1778, was afterwards reprinted in the second volume of his _Tracts on Mathematical and Philosophical Subjects_, and procured for Hutton the degree of LL.D. from the university of Edinburgh. He was elected foreign secretary to the Royal Society in 1779, but his resignation in 1783 was brought about by the president Sir Joseph Banks, whose behaviour to the mathematical section of the society was somewhat high-handed (see Kippis's _Observations on the late Contests in the Royal Society_, London, 1784). After his _Tables of the Products and Powers of Numbers_, 1781, and his _Mathematical Tables_, 1785, he issued, for the use of the Royal Military Academy, in 1787 _Elements of Conic Sections_, and in 1798 his _Course of Mathematics_. His _Mathematical and Philosophical Dictionary_, a valuable contribution to scientific biography, was published in 1795 (2nd ed., 1815), and the four volumes of _Recreations in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy_, mostly a translation from the French, in 1803. One of the most laborious of his works was the abridgment, in conjunction with G. Shaw and R. Pearson, of the _Philosophical Transactions_. This undertaking, the mathematical and scientific parts of which fell to Hutton's share, was completed in 1809, and filled eighteen volumes quarto. His name first appears in the _Ladies' Diary_ (a poetical and mathematical almanac which was begun in 1704, and lasted till 1871) in 1764; ten years later he was appointed editor of the almanac, a post which he retained till 1817. Previously he had begun a small periodical, _Miscellanea Mathematica_, which extended only to thirteen numbers; subsequently he published in five volumes _The Diarian Miscellany_, which contained large extracts from the _Diary_. He resigned his professorship in 1807, and died on the 27th of January 1823.