5. _Post hoc, ergo propter hoc_; and the deductive fallacy corresponding to it 364
7. Function of metaphors in reasoning 373
8. How fallacies of generalization grow out of bad classification 375
CHAPTER VI. _Fallacies of Ratiocination._
2. Fallacies in the conversion and æquipollency of propositions 377
3. Fallacies in the syllogistic process 379
§ 1. The backward state of the Moral Sciences can only be remedied by applying to them the methods of Physical Science, duly extended and generalized 413
2. How far this can be attempted in the present work 415
§ 1. Are human actions subject to the law of causality? 417
2. The doctrine commonly called Philosophical Necessity, in what sense true 418
3. Inappropriateness and pernicious effect of the term Necessity 420
4. A motive not always the anticipation of a pleasure or a pain 424
CHAPTER III. _That there is, or may be, a Science of Human Nature._
§ 1. There may be sciences which are not exact sciences 426
2. To what scientific type the Science of Human Nature corresponds 429
3. The principal investigations of Psychology characterized 435
4. Relation of mental facts to physical conditions 440
CHAPTER V. _Of Ethology, or the Science of the Formation of Character._
§ 1. The Empirical Laws of Human Nature 445
2. --are merely approximate generalizations. The universal laws are those of the formation of character 447
3. The laws of the formation of character cannot be ascertained by observation and experiment 449
5. The Principles of Ethology are the _axiomata media_ of mental science 455
CHAPTER VI. _General Considerations on the Social Science._
§ 1. Are Social Phenomena a subject of Science? 461
2. Of what nature the Social Science must be 463
CHAPTER VII. _Of the Chemical, or Experimental, Method in the Social Science._
§ 1. Characters of the mode of thinking which deduces political doctrines from specific experience 466
2. In the Social Science experiments are impossible 468
3. --the Method of Difference inapplicable 469
4. --and the Methods of Agreement, and of Concomitant Variations, inconclusive 471
5. The Method of Residues also inconclusive, and presupposes Deduction 472
CHAPTER VIII. _Of the Geometrical, or Abstract Method._
§ 1. Characters of this mode of thinking 476