CHAPTER II--DEVELOPMENT AND SCIENCE OF THE LAW OF NATIONS
I. _Development of the Law of Nations before Grotius_
37. No Law of Nations in Antiquity 45 38. The Jews 46 39. The Greeks 49 40. The Romans 50 41. No need for a Law of Nations during the Middle Ages 53 42. The Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries 54
II. _Development of the Law of Nations after Grotius_
43. The time of Grotius 59 44. The period 1648-1721 61 45. The period 1721-1789 64 46. The period 1789-1815 64 47. The period 1815-1856 66 48. The period 1856-1874 69 49. The period 1874-1899 71 50. The Twentieth Century 74 51. Six Lessons of the History of the Law of Nations 80
52. Forerunners of Grotius 83 53. Grotius 85 54. Zouche 88 55. The Naturalists 89 56. The Positivists 90 57. The Grotians 92 58. Treatises of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries 94 59. The Science of the Law of Nations in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, as represented by Treatises 98 60. Collection of Treatises 102 61. Bibliographies 103 62. Periodicals 103
PART I--_THE SUBJECTS OF THE LAW OF NATIONS_
I. _Sovereign States as International Persons_
63. Real and apparent International Persons 107 64. Conception of the State 108 65. Not-full Sovereign States 109 66. Divisibility of Sovereignty contested 110 67. Meaning of Sovereignty in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries 111 68. Meaning of Sovereignty in the Eighteenth Century 112 69. Meaning of Sovereignty in the Nineteenth Century 113 70. Result of the Controversy regarding Sovereignty 115
II. _Recognition of States as International Persons_
71. Recognition a condition of Membership of the Family of Nations 116 72. Mode of Recognition 117 73. Recognition under Conditions 118 74. Recognition Timely and Precipitate 119 75. State Recognition in contradistinction to other Recognitions 120
III. _Changes in the Condition of International Persons_
76. Important in contradistinction to Indifferent Changes 121 77. Changes not affecting States as International Persons 122 78. Changes affecting States as International Persons 123 79. Extinction of International Persons 124
IV. _Succession of International Persons_
80. Common Doctrine regarding Succession of International Persons 125 81. How far Succession actually takes place 127 82. Succession in consequence of Absorption 127 83. Succession in consequence of Dismemberment 130 84. Succession in case of Separation or Cession 131