[90-1] Ximenes, _Or. de los Indios_, p. 80, _Le Livre Sacré_, p. 195.
[90-2] Garcia, _Origen de los Indios_, lib. iv. cap. 4.
[91-1] Compare the German expression _sich orientiren_, to right oneself by the east, to understand one's surroundings.
[92-1] Hawkins, _Sketch of the Creek Country_, p. 80.
[92-2] See Jacob Grimm, _Geschichte der Deutschen Sprache_, p. 681
[93-1] Bressani, _Relation Abrégé_, p. 93.
[93-2] Venegas, _Hist. of California_, i. p. 91: London, 1759.
[93-3] Cogolludo, _Hist. de Yucathan_, lib. iv. cap. iii.
[93-4] Alexander von Humboldt has asserted that the Quichuas had other and very circumstantial terms to express the cardinal points drawn from the positions of the son (_Ansichten der Natur_, ii. p. 368). But the distinguished naturalist overlooked the literal meaning of the phrases he quotes for north and south, _intip chaututa chayananpata_ and _intip chaupunchau chayananpata_, literally, the sun arriving toward the midnight, the sun arriving toward the midday. These are evidently translations of the Spanish _hacia la media noche_, _hacia el medio dia_, for they could not have originated among a people under or south of the equatorial line.
[94-1] Catlin, _Letters and Notes_, i., Letter 22; La Hontan, _Mémoires_, ii. p. 151; Gumilla, _Hist. del Orinoco_, p. 159
[96-1] On the worship of the cross in Mexico and Yucatan and its invariable meaning as representing the gods of rain, consult Ixtlilxochitl, _Hist. des Chichimeques_, p. 5; Sahagun, _Hist. de la Nueva España_, lib. i. cap. ii.; Garcia, _Or. de los Indios_, lib. iii. cap. vi. p. 109; Palacios, _Des. de la Prov. de Guatemala_, p. 29; Cogolludo, _Hist. de Yucathan_, lib. iv. cap. ix.; Villagutierre Sotomayor, _Hist. de el Itza y de el Lacandon_, lib. iii. cap. 8; and many others might be mentioned.
[96-2] Rivero and Tschudi, _Peruvian Antiquities_, p. 162, after J. Acosta.
[96-3] Loskiel, _Ges. der Miss. der evang. Brüder_, p. 60.
[97-1] Hawkins, _Sketch of the Creek Country_, p. 75. Lapham and Pidgeon mention that in the State of Wisconsin many low mounds are found in the form of a cross with the arms directed to the cardinal points. They contain no remains. Were they not altars built to the Four Winds? In the mythology of the Dakotas, who inhabited that region, the winds were always conceived as birds, and for the cross they have a native name literally signifying "the musquito hawk spread out" (Riggs, _Dict. of the Dakota_, s. v.). Its Maya name is _vahom che_, the tree erected or set up, the adjective being drawn from the military language and implying as a defence or protection, as the warrior lifts his lance or shield (Landa, _Rel. de las Cosas de Yucatan_, p. 65).