The Cuban boa (Chilabothrus angulifer), also known as the Cuban tree boa and by locals as maja de Santa María, is a very large species of snake in the family Boidae. With lengths exceeding and a relatively heavy build, the Cuban boa is one of the largest snakes in the world. The species is native to Cuba and some nearby islands. No subspecies are currently recognized.
Etymology
The genus name Chilabothrus is from the Greek cheilos, meaning "lip", á "without" and bothros "pits". The specific name originates from the Latin word angirlus, meaning "angle", probably in reference to the angular shapes of the main elements of the dorsal pattern.
Geographic range
C. angulifer is found in Cuba and on adjacent islands, including Isla de la Juventud (formerly called the Isle of Pines), the Canarreos Archipelago (the Cayo Cantiles), the Colorados Archipelago off the northern coast of Pinar del Río, the Sabana-Camagüey Archipelago (Cayo Guajaba and Cayo Sant María). The type locality given is "Cuba".
Habitat
The preferred natural habitat of C. angulifer is forest of several varieties (rainforest, cloud forest, evergreen forest, semi-deciduous forest, thorn forest, coastal scrub forest), at altitudes from sea level to . It has also been found in sugar cane plantations.
Description
The presence of labial pits, the shortest tail of the entire genus and supralabials separated from the eye result in the Cuban boa being the least derived species of the genus Chilabothrus. It is also the largest member of Chilabothrus. The Cuban boa has a quite massive body, of a size typical for a boa or python of far greater length.
Size
C. angulifer is the largest snake in the Cuba and the West Indies, with specimens exceeding in length and in weight. The largest individual measured long and estimated at more than in mass. Gundlach (1875, 1880) stated that he had seen individuals of about in total length. He also mentioned about one large individual kept in captivity by him had length of was collected at the Zapata Swamp, Matanzas Province. Rodríguez (1876) commented that the largest specimens able grow up to long and in diameter. However, in average C. angulifer reaches in total length.
Coloring
Coloration brown with a pattern of staggered dark brown rhombic spots. Dorsal pattern of 42–65 appressed, angulate, dark brown to black markings on a yellowish to yellow-tan ground, but often (western Cuba) without any dark colors in dorsal pattern, and pattern composed of indeterminate number of medium brown to pale tan, much-fused markings; tail patternless above, or with up to 12 darker dorsal markings.
Scalation
C. angulifer possesses dorsal scale rows at midbody 53–69; ventral scales 272–292 in males, 268–290 in females; subcaudal scales 45–55 in males, 46–54 in females; ventrals + subcaudals 321–347 in males, 316–339 in females; supralabial scales separated from eye; head scale formula* 3–3–4. C. angulifer is different from most other species of the genus in that the is usually completely separated from supralabials by a row of lorilabials and few subcaudals.
Behavior
Despite their large size, Cuban boas are semi-arboreal and climb fairly well. They are usually solitary, sometimes intersecting during the mating season.
Diet
C. angulifer is a terrestrial apex predator in Cuba along with the Cuban crocodile and carnivorous birds. Depending on age, size and health, prey can range from anurans, lizards, snakes, turtles, aquatic birds (Gruiformes), free-ranging raptors (Accipitriformes, Cathartiformes), forest birds (Columbiformes, Cuculiformes, Passeriformes), caged birds (Columbiformes, Galliformes, Falconiformes, Passeriformes, Psittaciformes), free-ranging poultry (Anseriformes, Galliformes), bats, bovids, pigs, carnivores, rabbits, hutias and rats. As a result of data from the literature and field studies, 351 prey items were recorded in 49 different taxa obtained from 218 snakes. Warm-blooded (mammals and birds) made up 96%, while cold-blooded (reptiles and amphibians) only 4%. Mammals made up 54.7% of the total prey items consumed, followed by birds (41.3%), while amphibians (2%) and reptiles (2%) made up only a small part of the diet. The prey species most frequently consumed were domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) (24.8%), Desmarest's hutias (Capromys pilorides) (14.5%), two bat species (Jamaican fruit-eating bat, Artibeus jamaicensis: 8.8%; Cuban flower bat, Phyllonycteris poeyi: 6.0%), and black rats (Rattus rattus) (7.7%).