(5) In some dialects, at least, by, mby, mny, py, rny required a supporting vowel: _rŭbeum_ ＞ rọtge, _cambio_ ＞ camie, _sŏmnium_ ＞ songe suenh, _apium_ ＞ ache api, ✱_Arvĕrnium_[35] ＞ Alvęrnhe; ratge (= _rabiem_) is probably French. Original lm, rm, sm required a supporting vowel in some dialects but not in others: _hëlm_ ＞ ęlme ęlm, _ŭlmum_ ＞ ọlme ọlm, _palmum_ ＞ palm; ✱_ĕrmum_ ἔρημον ＞ erm, _fĭrmum_ ＞ fẹrm, _gĕrmen_ ＞ gęrme; _spasmum_ ＞ espasme.
(6) Many verbs regularly have an -e in the first person singular of the present indicative: desire, dọpte, iütge, etc. By the analogy of these, -e often appears in the first person singular of verbs which need no supporting vowel: _remīro_ ＞ remir remire. By the analogy of the preterit (águi, füi, etc.), -i is very often substituted for this -e: azọr azọri, cant canti, prętz pręzi, etc.
53. Many late words preserve the final vowel as _-e_: benigne, bisbe ＜ _epĭscŏpum_, digne (cf. denhar), mixte (cf. mẹst), regne (cf. reing), signe (cf. sẹnh). Cf. § 50; (for cǫlbe) § 48, 1; and (for cǫinde, etc.) § 47, 1. Learned formations from nouns in _-ium_ usually end in _-i_, simply dropping the _-um_: capitǫli, edifici, empęri, iüzízi, martíri (martíre), negǫci, ofíci, periüri, remęzi, servízi, vici. Similar forms in _-i_ were sometimes taken from the accusative of nouns and adjectives in _-ius_: Boęci ＜ _Boëthium_, prǫpri (prǫpre) ＜ _prŏprium_, savi ＜ _sabium_.
1. It should be remembered that the Latin words, at the time of their adoption, had undergone various phonetic changes in the clerical pronunciation: cf. § 15. A form _remezi_, for instance, presupposes a pronunciation of _remĕdium_ as remęðiu(m).
54. The Latin consonants which we have to consider are: b, c (= k), d, f, g, h, j (= y), l, m, n, p, qu (= kw), r, s, t, v (= w), x (= ks). To these we must add the Vulgar Latin w coming from u̯, and y coming from e̯, i̯: see § 40, (2). Furthermore, in words borrowed from Germanic dialects we find b, ð, h, k, þ, w, which call for special notice; and, in words borrowed from Greek, ch, k, ph, th, z.
The Latin d, f, j, l, p, t call for no remark at present. Latin h, in popular speech, became silent very early (_hŏc_ ＞ _ŏc_, _hŏmo_ ＞ _ŏmo_), and, although an attempt was made to restore it in polite speech, it left no trace in the Romance languages: cf. _Rom._, XI, 399. Double consonants were pronounced distinctly longer than single ones: _annus_, _ĭlle_, _ŏssum_, _tĕrra_.