Édouard Chatton (; 11 October 1883 – 23 April 1947) was a French biologist who first characterized the distinction between the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular types. "Pansporella perplexa. Reflections on the Biology and Phylogeny of the Protozoa" [Pansporella perplexa, Amoebien a spores protegees parasite des Daphnies. Réflexions sur la biologie et la phylogénie des Protozoaires. Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Zoologie) 10 8: 5-84. Paris, 1925]ref name=sapp2005></ref>
Chatton was born in Romont, Switzerland. His initial interest was in various human pathogenic protozoa, members of the Apicomplexa and Trypanosomatids. He later expanded his studies to include marine protists, helping to contribute to the description of the dinoflagellate protists. At the Pasteur Institute he met and became a mentor to André Michel Lwoff, future Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine. The two scientists remained associates until Chatton's death in 1947, in Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.