3. _Iassey_ (= _iasse_, the latter part of which may be from _exín_ = _exĭnde_), _tey_ (= _te_ ＜ _tĕnet_), used by Marcabru, are doubtless due either to a mistaken imitation of conventional borderland forms (see § 25, 3) or to the analogy of _crei_ = _cre_ ＜ _crēdo_ (_crei_ itself being due to the analogy of _dei_ ＜ _dēbeo_, _vei_ ＜ _vĭdeo_).
N´ will be considered, as ny, under Groups, § 73, Ny.
P, from the 4th to the 6th century, was voiced to b: _capĭllum_ ＞ cabẹl, _rīpa_ ＞ riba, ✱_sapēre_ (= _sapĕre_) ＞ sabẹr, _trepalium_ ＞ trebalh; _capit_ ＞ cap (§ 63), _sapis_ ＞ saps.
1. In some borderland dialects p ＞ v, as in French: _saver_. _Evescat_, _evesque_, beside _bisbat_, _bisbe_, are French.
2. _Apud_, used as a proclitic, became for some reason in Vulgar Latin ✱_apu_, which developed regularly into ✱_abu_ and, after the fall of intertonic vowels, _ab_. This _ab_ assimilated its b more or less to a following consonant, becoming _ap_ before voiceless consonants, _am_ before nasals; _am_, used before dentals, became _an_: hence we have four forms, _ab_, _ap_, _am_, _an_. _Amb_ perhaps developed first from _am_ before l, as in _am l’autre_; when used before a consonant with which mb did not readily combine, it expanded into _ambe_. See Elise Richter, _Zs._, XXVI, 532; J. Huber, _Zs._, XXX, 583.
3. In some dialects, apparently, p was not voiced after au: _sapuĕrunt_ ✱_sapwĕrunt_ ✱_saupĕrunt_ ＞ _saubron_ _saupron_. Cf. § 65, C, 1.
4. In purely learned words, p remains: _epifania_.
R remained: _amāra_ ＞ amara, _durāre_ ＞ dürar, _ĕrat_ ＞ ęra. Final rs was reduced to s, in most dialects, during and after the literary period: _priōres_ ＞ priọrs priọs (_Girart_); the reduction apparently began in Limousin as early as the 12th century (Bertran de Born rhymes iọs and flọrs).
1. Final r began to fall in many dialects in the 14th century. At present it has disappeared all through the south and west: _amōrem_ ＞ _amou_, _flōrem_ ＞ _flou_.
2. In some dialects (especially those of Gard and Hérault) intervocalic r and z were confused, probably during the literary period: _gyrāre_ ＞ _girar_ _gisar_; conversely _audīre_ ＞ _auzir_ _aurir_. Cf. _Revue des langues romanes_, XL, 49, 121.
S was voiced to z, probably from the 4th to the 6th century: _pausa_ ＞ pausa, _presĕntem_ ＞ presen; _rīsum_ ＞ ris (§ 63).