The 42nd Division () was a division of the Spanish Republican Army in the Spanish Civil War.
This unit was involved in the Battle of Alfambra —part of the Battle of Teruel, as well as in the Battle of the Ebro, suffering grievous losses in both battles.
History
This unit was established on 13 April 1937 at the Teruel Front. Initially it was the Cuenca Autonomous Group () led by Infantry Colonel Víctor Lacalle Seminario, which besides the 59th, 59th and 60th Mixed Brigades, had the 49th Mixed Brigade in the reserve. In June the division was made part of the Teruel Operations Army (), which was formed by the 39th, 40th, 41st and 42nd divisions under the command of Colonel Jesús Velasco Echave.
Battles of Albarracín and Alfambra
Between 5 July and 11 August 1937, the 42nd Division was involved in the Battle of Albarracín, which was an operation launched by the Republican high command in the Albarracín and the Montes Universales area of the rugged Iberian System. After an initial easy victory the rebels reacted and soon launched a counteroffensive which put the loyalists on the defensive. On July 16 despite a fierce republican resistance that took advantage of the mountainous terrain, the Francoists recovered all the positions they had lost at the beginning of the offensive. Then they advanced relentlessly towards the line of the Montes Universales range, located between Cuenca and Teruel Provinces. The already broken republican resistance was unable to face the Francoist onslaught and retreated, so that on 21 July the rebel forces conquered several villages that had formerly been within republican territory. By the 31 July the 42nd Division continued its disorderly withdrawal from its defensive positions in the Montes Universales before the unabating advance of the rebel counteroffensive.
The 42nd Division took part in the Battle of Alfambra between 5 and 8 February 1938. It was in the vanguard position, with the 27th and the 39th division in the flanks. The latter two units were veteran and battle-hardened, but were badly depleted in men and materiel. Towards the rear were the 19th, still lacking combat experience, as well as the 66 Division. All the republican units arrayed for the battle had at their disposal very few pieces of artillery and less than half the men than the attacking rebel troops. The battle by the Alfambra River ended in disaster for the Republican Army and the 42nd Division took the brunt of the losses, ending up with very heavy casualties.
Battle of the Ebro
The Battle of the Ebro would be the scenario where the 42nd Division had its worst battle experience. At the onset of the operation, and in order to distract the enemy's attention, the river Ebro was crossed from different places by Republican Army units. One of these was launched north of the main crossing area of the XV Army Corps by the 42nd Division. On 25 July 1938 its 9,500 men crossed the river between Mequinenza and Fayón. They were able to establish a bridgehead and, moving quickly, the troops of the division reached the Auts Hills, capturing a rebel infantry regiment of the Moroccan Army Corps which surrendered without putting up a fight. The men of the division cut the road between Fayón to the south and Mequinenza to the north, but were unable to conquer any of the two towns because of the powerful reaction of the rebels and the lack of artillery support. On the following day, the 26 July, the division was subject to an intense attack in the form of bombardment from the air and artillery fire from the enemy positions to the east. Hence the 42nd Division's swift advance was stopped and its hapless brigades became bogged in a 15 km wide northern pocket bound by the river on the rear and cut off from the rest of the units engaged in the Ebro Offensive. Although it had been initially hailed as a victory, the division's occupation of the Auts revealed itself as a failure. Harassed by constant fire, the units of the 42nd Division endured multiple casualties from well-placed Moroccan snipers, as well as Aviación Nacional aerial fire. Finally, on 6 August the troops withdrew from the hills and crossed back the river —still being fired upon, an operation which was completed the following day.
