1. The first is both long and short; long, like _a_ in the English words _far_, _star_; as, àr _slaughter_, àth _a ford_, gràdh, { 4} _love_, sàruich _oppress_; short, like _a_ in _that_; as, cath _a battle_, alt _a joint_; abuich _ripe_.
2. Both long and short, before _dh_ and _gh_. This sound has none like it in English. Long, as, adhbhar _a cause_, adhradh _worship_; short, as, lagh _a law_, magh _a field_, adharc _a horn_.
3. Short and obscure, like _e_ in _mother_; as, an, a _the_, ar _our_, ma _if_, and in the plural termination a or an.
1. Both long and short: long, like _e_ in _where, there_; as, è, sè _he_, rè _during_. This _e_ is generally marked with a grave accent. Short, like _e_ in _met_; as, le _with_, leth _half_.
2. Long, as, ré _the moon_, cé _the earth_, and dé _yesterday_. This _e_ is commonly marked with an acute accent.
3. Short, like _e_ in _mother_; as, duine _a man_, ceannuichte _bought_.
1. Both long and short, like _ee_ in _seem_: long, as, mìn _smooth_, righ _a king_; short, as, min _meal_, crith _trembling_.
2. Short and obscure, like _i_ in _this_; as, is _am_, _art_, &c.
1. Both long and short: long, somewhat like _o_ in _more_; as, mòr _great_, òr _gold_, dòchas _expectation_; short, like _o_ in _hot_; as, mo _my_, do _thy_, dochann _harm_.
2. Both long and short: long, nearly like _o_ in _old_; as, lom _bare_, toll _a hole_; short, as, lomadh _making bare_, tolladh _boring_.
3. Both long and short, like (2) a[7]: long, as, foghlum _to learn_; short, as, roghuinn _choice_, logh _to forgive_.
_U_ has one sound, both long and short, like _oo_ in _fool_: long, as, ùr _fresh_, ùraich _to renew_; short, as, ubh _an egg_, urras _a surety_.
There are thirteen Diphthongs reckoned in Gaelic; ae, ai, ao, ea, ei, eo, eu; ia, io, iu; oi; ua, ui. Of these, ao, eu, ia, ua, are always long; the others are sometimes long, sometimes short.
The sound of _ae_ is made up of (1) _a_ long, and (1) _e_ short. This diphthong hardly occurs, except in Gael _a Gaul_ or _Highlander_, and Gaelic the _Gaelic_ language[8].
The sound of _ai_ is either made up of the sounds of both the vowels, or like that of the former.
1. Made up of (1) _a_ and (1) _i_: the _a_ long, the _i_ short; as, fàidh _a prophet_; the _a_ short, the _i_ short; as, claidheamh _a sword_.