§ 161.7. Dogmatic theology was cultivated mainly in the Netherlands. =Maccovius=, a Pole, who died A.D. 1644, a professor at Franeker, introduced the scholastic method into Reformed dogmatics. The Synod of Dort cleared him of the charge of heresy made against him by Amesius, but condemned his method. Yet it soon came into very general use. Its chief representatives were Maresius of Groningen [Gröningen], Voetius and Mastricht of Utrecht, Hoornbeck [Hoornbeeck] of Leyden, and the German Wendelin, rector of Zerbst. Among the Cocceians the most distinguished were Heidanus of Leyden, Alting of Groningen [Gröningen], and, above all, Hermann Witsius of Franeker, whose “Economy of the Covenants” is written in a conciliatory spirit. The most distinguished Arminian dogmatist after Episcopius was =Phil. Limborch= of Amsterdam, who died A.D. 1712, in high repute also as an apologist, exegete, and historian. The greatest dogmatist of the Anglican church was =Pearson=, who died A.D. 1686, author of “An Exposition of the Creed.” The Frenchman =Peyrerius= obtained great notoriety from his statement, founded on Romans v. 12, that Adam was merely the ancestor of the Jews (Gen. ii. 7), while the Gentiles were of pre-Adamite origin (Gen. i. 26), and also by maintaining that the flood had been only partial. He gained release from prison by joining the Catholic church and recanted, but still held by his earlier views.--Ethics, consisting hitherto of little more than an exposition of the decalogue, was raised by =Amyrault= into an independent science. Amesius dealt with cases of conscience. =Grotius=, in his “_De Veritate Relig. Chr._” and =Abbadie=, French pastor at Berlin, and afterwards in London, who died A.D. 1727, in his “_Vérité de la Rel. Chrét._,” distinguished themselves as apologists. =Claude= and =Jurieu= gained high reputation as controversialists against Catholicism and its persecution of the Huguenots.--The Reformed church also in the interests of polemics pursued historical studies. Hottinger of Zürich, Spanheim of Leyden, Sam. Basnage of Zütpfen, and Jac. Basnage of the Hague, produced general church histories. Among the numerous historical monographs the most important are =Hospinian’s= “_De Templis_,” “_De Monachis_,” “_De Festis_,” “_Hist. Sacramentaria_,” “_Historia Jesuitica_;” =Blondel’s= “_Ps.-Isidorus_,” “_De la Primauté de l’Egl._,” “_Question si une Femme a été Assisse au Siège Papal_” (§ 82, 6), “_Apologia sent. Hieron. de Presbyt._” Also =Daillé= of Saumur on the non-genuineness of the “Apostolic Constitutions” and the Ps.-Dionysian writings, and his “_De Usu Patrum_” in opposition to Cave’s Catholicizing over-estimation of the Fathers. We have also the English scholar =Ussher=, who died A.D. 1656, “_Brit. Ecclesiarum Antiquitates_;” H. Dodwell, who died A.D. 1711, “_Diss. Cyprianicæ_,” etc.; Wm. Cave, who died A.D. 1713, “Hist. of App. and Fathers,” “_Scriptorum Ecclst. Hist. Literaria_,” etc.--Special mention should be made of =Eisenmenger=, professor of oriental languages at Heidelberg. In his “_Entdecktes Judenthum_,” two vols. quarto, moved by the over-bearing arrogance of the Jews of his day, he made an immense collection of absurdities and blasphemies of rabbinical theology from Jewish writings. At his own expense he printed 2,000 copies; for these the Jews offered him 12,000 florins, but he demanded 30,000. They now persuaded the court at Venice to confiscate them before a single copy was sold. Eisenmenger died in A.D. 1704, and his heirs vainly sought to have the copies of his work given up to them. Even the appeal of Frederick I. of Prussia was refused. Only when the king had resolved, in A.D. 1711, at his own expense to publish an edition from one copy that had escaped confiscation, was the Frankfort edition at last given back.