The current search for new trading partners in unexpected geographic areas demonstrates the extent to which Brazil has changed its foreign policy the last few years. With an agenda that has focused primarily on global business performance, the Middle East has emerged as a key area for Brazilians who want to expand the consumer market of their companies. From the Empire of Brazil to the military government If the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Brazil tries to fill diplomatic gaps today in the case of the Middle East, it is a consequence of a process that began two centuries ago, when Emperor Dom Pedro II visited the former Ottoman Empire, which included Greater Syria–present-day Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel and the Palestinian territories. It was in the 1970s, during the oil crisis, that the Middle East finally got onto the radar of Brazilian diplomacy and since then Brazil has only increased its diplomatic missions in that region. However, this increase in relations did not prevent a shock that would be felt until at least the next decade as described [pt] by blogger Virtuália: Greater Middle East. Image of Lobo Estepario on Flickr (CC BY-NC 2.0). Com a crise petrolífera de 1973, encerrava-se o chamado “Milagre Econômico Brasileiro”, e o país entraria em colapso econômico, crise que se veio a agravar, só encerrando depois do fim da ditadura militar. Then in Brazil a diplomatic pro-Arab orientation began, in which the Brazilian authorities would publicly condemn the Israeli expansionist policy and support the establishment of a Palestinian State to coexist peacefully with the Jewish State. It was called “national interest diplomacy” carried forward from the government of General Médici (1969-1974) and aimed to prevent reprisals of oil-producing countries. The first decade after redemocratization The dependence on “black gold” inevitably forced dialogue between leaders of Brazil and the Middle East, which originally was between equals: dictators. But remained without any major embarrassment on the Brazilian side until well after the return of democracy to the country. Among those dictators were Moammar Gadhafi, Hafez el-Assad and Saddam Hussein. For example, at the time of Gulf War, when Iraqi troops invaded Kuwait in 1990, Brazil was exporting everything from chicken to arms to Iraq. Specifically on the arms brokering, the blogger “O Informante” [The Insider] says [pt]: Nos anos 1980 e parte dos 1990, aliás, países em conflito como Iraque, Líbia, Angola, Paquistão e Colômbia também estiveram entre os maiores compradores de armas brasileiras. Consequently, it is believed that most of the arms used in both the invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi troops and in his defense during the war were produced in Brazil. The Middle East in the Lula administration Lula da Silva and Mahmoud Abbas: Brazil and Palestine discuss in Salvador peace agreement for the Middle East, 2009. Picture of Secom Bahia – Flickr (CC BY 2.0). The Lula administration (2003-2010) gave new impetus to relations with the Middle East. Unlike the rest of the world, Lula's Brazil was less dependent on Arab oil, it imported less and exported more to the Middle East; not only raw materials but also products with higher added value, increasing economic activity between the two parties. Of all the visits that Lula made to the Middle East, the most controversial was to Iran in 2010. His Brazilian boldness aimed at more than a peaceful solution to the Iranian nuclear project, he also believed it was time to call attention to the country to ensure an amiable environment in a market with almost 69 million people. In a response to a comment made on the Blog da Cidadania (Citizenship Blog), reader Mariana questions [pt] the reaction to Lula's visit to Iran: […] ditadura boa é ditadura amiga. Senão vejamos: 1) A China é uma ditadura, mas o mundo todo quer vender produtos para os chineses, porque o tamanho do mercado ali é descomunal. 2) A Arábia Saudita é outra ditadura, mas como é aliada dos EUA, ninguém diz nada. 3) Mubarak e Kadafi, até há algum tempo, eram aliados. 4) A Comunidade Europeia e os EUA têm ganho dinheiro fazendo negócios com regimes ditadorais. Portanto, criticar Lula por causa do Irã (lembrando que o que Lula e o Itamaraty fizeram foi recomendação de Obama, registrada em carta) não passa de inocência ou, alternativamente, de hipocrisia.[…] The turnover of Dilma Rousseff As Lula, Dilma advocates a peaceful solution to the conflict between Arabs and Israelis and the right of Iran to develop a nuclear program for peaceful purposes. The difference between the current president and her predecessor is that she doesn't show back up any policy without the blessing of leading international players.