1. _Carabus auratus_ 17.4. 2. _Nebria brevicollis_ 25.3. 1. _Cetonia aurata_ 15. 2. _Trichius fasciatus_ 41.3. 1. _Melolontha vulgaris_ 14.3. 2. _Anomala frischii_ 24.3. 1. _Oryctes nasicornis_ 4.7. 2. _Geotrupes stercorarius_ 9.8. 3. _Onthophagus nuchicornis_ 14.4. 1. _Necrophorus vespillo_ 15.1. 2. _Silpha livida_ 24.4. 1. _Ocypus morio_ 17. 2. _Quedeus fulgidus_ 29.6. 1. _Donacia nymphææ_, 42.7. 2. _Crioceris merdigera_ 39.2. 1. _Bombus terrestris_ 16.1. 2. _Bombus rupestris_ 14.5. 3. _Apis mellifica_ 20.2.
As regards the pushing power, the relation of the load to the size of the body in different large beetles, gave the following figures:—
_Oryctes nasicornis_ 3.2. _Geotrupes stercorarius_ 28.4. _Onthophagus nuchicornis_ 92.9.
The leaping force of locusts was found by Straus-Dürckheim to be in _Œdipoda grossa_ as 1.6, in _Œ. parallela_ as 3.3 of their weight.
FIG. 238.—_Vespa crabro_, fixed and stained as in the subjects of the other figures. _I_, _N_, _P_ × 1700; _H_, _J_, _M_ × 850; the others × 425 times: _A-C_, motor muscles of the antennal scape. _D-P_, motor muscles of the 3d coxa. _A_, _B_, the two ends, in very different states of contraction, of the same fibre; on one side the transverse striæ are near together, on the other very far apart. _C_, a crushed and split fibre showing a fibrous appearance, owing to the rupture of the radiated filaments, and the separation of the longitudinal filaments. _D_, muscular disk seen in section, with two rows of nuclei. _E_, a muscular fibre with three rows of nuclei. _F_, a nucleus, accompanied with coagulated protoplasm, oozing from a previous break of the muscular fibre. _G_, nerve-terminations very near each other on the same muscular fibre. _H_, longitudinal filaments, evenly covered with the coagulated substance, and forming, throughout the mass of the fibre, continuous filaments. _I_, filaments widely separated. _J_, longitudinal filaments showing the beginning of one of the transverse breaks which isolate some of the disks. _K_, oblique view of a disk obtained by such a break, and of a fibre in circular section, with an axial row of nuclei; this piece comprises three stages of radiated filaments. _L_, muscular fibre with a row of nuclei; at the lower part, the nuclei have issued from a longitudinal fissure in the fibre, and have remained attached in a chain. _M_, edge of fibre in which there is quite a large, clear space between the sarcolemma and the rods. _N_, passage of the trachea, with the spiral thread, into three capillaries with a smooth cuticula. _O_, elliptical disk from a fibre, with two rows of nuclei, and showing a layer of radiated filaments. _P_, fragment (highly magnified) of the edge of a disk seen in section.—After Janet. ]