The noblemen and gentlemen of the Jockey Club at Newmarket, have adopted every means, that superior wisdom could possibly devise, to restrain villainy, and reward integrity: but so long as human depravity shall have power to retain a seat within the heart; so long as the _secret betting_ emoluments of the _subordinates_ may be more increased by deceptively _opposing_, than by promoting the interest of their EMPLOYERS; so long as a pail of water, a nauseating ball, or half a peck of corn, can be privately administered in the night, or a horse rode on the wrong side of the post by day; no man existing (however dignified his station, however benevolent his heart, however expanded his mind, and liberal his hand) must expect to see the TURF rise from its late public and well-known degradation, to a state of the so-much-wished-for perfection.
TUSHES.—The teeth so called in a horse, are the two above, and the two below, standing single behind the corner teeth of both the upper and the under jaw: these seldom make their appearance till the horse is four years old off, and attain their full growth at six. If these are examined when the horse is of that age, the inside will be found flat, with two grooves or channels running down to the gum; but when the horse is a few years older, those two are reduced to _one_; and soon after he has reached his twelfth year, even that is obliterated, leaving no other remaining certainty respecting age by the mouth. External appearances are, however, so numerous, by which a tolerable opinion may be formed, that good judges are seldom at a loss to decide with some degree of precision.
TURNING-OUT—is of two kinds; one called a summer's, the other, a winter's run; a description of which, with their expected and probable effects, will be found under the heads GRASS and SOILING.
VENOMOUS BITES—are sometimes sustained by horses and dogs; and become the more perplexing, in consequence of not knowing from whence the injury proceeds. Vipers, slow-worms, efts, horse-stingers, hornets, and wasps, seem to be nearly the whole tribe from which bites (or stings) of this description are received. The effect of either is much the same, as to inflammation, pain, and tension; but that the symptoms are not equally severe, being gradational in their degrees of violence, according to the individual by which the wound is inflicted. Of these the viper is by much the worst; for the vesicle in which the poisonous particles are contained, being seated upon the gum close to the insertion of the tooth, in the very act of biting, the vesicle is broken, and the venomous fluid at the same moment communicated to the wound. This is followed by excruciating pain, increasing inflammation, and various violent symptoms, in either man or beast. By way of immediate relief, bleeding is first premised, to unload the vessels, and take off the increasing stricture from the part: this, followed by an early application of the _oil_ of _vipers_, is said to be infallible. Repeated experiments have proved the finest _olive oil_ to be equally efficacious. The others, however painful at first, soon submit to repeated bathings with the strongest white wine vinegar, or a weak solution of sugar of lead.