[148] Fornander (_u. s._, vol. i., p. 79, _sq._) discusses it in Polynesia. Their “tree of life” was a sacred “tabooed” bread-fruit tree. For America, see _Myths of the New World_, pp. 103-106.
[149] For this reason the works of Delitsch, Haupt, etc., on the question, _Wo lag das Paradies?_, are much less to the point than if their writers had studied the comparative mythology of the subject.
[150] This mythical cycle, as it arose among the native tribes of America, was made by me the special subject of a volume, _American Hero-Myths_ (pp. 251, Philadelphia, 1882).
[151] See my _Essays of an Americanist_, pp. 135-147; J. Grimm, _Teutonic Mythology_, vol. ii., p. 832; Schrader and Jevons, _Prehistoric Antiquities of the Aryan Peoples_, p. 424.
[152] Codrington in _Jour. Anthrop. Soc._, vol. x., p. 285.
[153] Waitz, _Anthropologie der Naturvölker_, Bd. ii., p. 188.
[154] Von Hasselt, in _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, Bd. viii., p. 196.
[155] J. G. Pfleiderer, _Die Genesis des Mythus der Indogermanischen Völker_, p. 48.
[156] References in Pietschmann, _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, Bd. x., p. 159, who points out that fetishism should be, as a term, confined to the cult and not applied to the content of a religion.
[157] Rialle, _La Mythologie Comparée_, ch. i.
[158] Prof. Granger remarks that “the influence of the fetish is interpreted as a kind of life of which the fetish is the seat.”—_Worship of the Romans_, p. 201. Bastian defines it as “an incorporation of a subjective emotional state,” and his disciple Achelis recognises that it is not a stadium of religious development. See his _Moderne Völkerkunde_, p. 366.
[159] The insufficiency of animism as a theory of primitive religions has been previously urged by Van Ende, _Histoire Naturelle de la Croyance_, p. 21. Like fetishism and shamanism, animism should be regarded, not as a form or stadium of religion, but, to use Castren’s excellent expression, “nur ein Moment in der Götterlehre.” _Finnische Mythologie_, Einleitung.
[160] Dorsey, _Siouan Cults_, p. 433; the _Popol Vuh_, _passim_.
[161] Hale, _Ethnog. and Philol. of the U. S. Exploring Expd._, p. 55.
[162] E. T. Dalton, _Ethnology of Bengal_, p. 258.
[163] See remarks of W. W. Newell in his introduction to Fanny D. Bergen, _Current Superstitions_ (_Mems. Amer. Folk-lore Society_, vol. iv.).