The principles which ought to regulate Classification as a logical process subservient to the investigation of truth, cannot be discussed to any purpose until a much later stage of our inquiry. But, of classification as resulting from, and implied in, the fact of employing general language, we cannot forbear to treat here, without leaving the theory of general names, and of their employment in predication, mutilated and formless.
§ 2. This portion of the theory of general language is the subject of what is termed the doctrine of the Predicables; a set of distinctions handed down from Aristotle, and his follower Porphyry, many of which have taken a firm root in scientific, and some of them even in popular, phraseology. The predicables are a five-fold division of General Names, not grounded as usual on a difference in their meaning, that is, in the attribute which they connote, but on a difference in the kind of class which they denote. We may predicate of a thing five different varieties of class-name:--
A _genus_ of the thing ({ ~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{ ~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{ ~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{ ~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{ ~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}). A _species_ ({ ~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{ ~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{ ~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{ ~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{ ~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}). A _differentia_ ({ ~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{ ~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{ ~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{ ~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{ ~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{ ~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{ ~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}). A _proprium_ ({ ~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{ ~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{ ~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{ ~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{ ~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}). An _accidens_ ({ ~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{ ~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{ ~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{ ~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{ ~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{ ~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{ ~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{ ~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{ ~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{ ~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}).
It is to be remarked of these distinctions, that they express, not what the predicate is in its own meaning, but what relation it bears to the subject of which it happens on the particular occasion to be predicated. There are not some names which are exclusively genera, and others which are exclusively species, or differentiæ; but the same name is referred to one or another Predicable, according to the subject of which it is predicated on the particular occasion. _Animal_, for instance, is a genus with respect to man, or John; a species with respect to Substance, or Being. _Rectangular_ is one of the Differentiæ of a geometrical square; it is merely one of the Accidentia of the table at which I am writing. The words genus, species, &c., are therefore relative terms; they are names applied to certain predicates, to express the relation between them and some given subject: a relation grounded, as we shall see, not on what the predicate connotes, but on the class which it _de_notes, and on the place which, in some given classification, that class occupies relatively to the particular subject.