DE COSTA, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1831-1904), American clergyman and historical writer, was born in Charlestown, Massachusetts, on the 10th of July 1831. He graduated in 1856 at the Biblical Institute at Concord, New Hampshire (now a part of Boston University), became a minister in the Episcopal Church in 1857, and during the next three years was a rector first at North Adams, and then at Newton Lower Falls, Mass. After serving as chaplain in two Massachusetts regiments during the first two years of the Civil War, he became editor (1863) of _The Christian Times_ in New York, and subsequently edited _The Episcopalian_ and _The Magazine of American History_. He was rector of the church of St John the Evangelist in New York city from 1881 to 1899, when he resigned in consequence of being converted to Roman Catholicism. He was one of the organizers and long the secretary of the Church Temperance Society, and founded and was the first president (1884-1899) of the American branch of the White Cross Society. He became a high authority on early American cartography and the history of the period of exploration. He died in New York city on the 4th of November 1904. In addition to numerous monographs and valuable contributions to Winsor's _Narrative and Critical History of America_, he published _The Pre-Columbian Discovery of America by the Northmen_ (1868); _The Northmen in Maine_ (1870); _The Moabite Stone_ (1871); _The Rector of Roxburgh_ (1871), a novel under the _nom de plume_ of "William Hickling"; and _Verrazano the Explorer; being a Vindication of his Letter and Voyage_ (1880).
DE COSTER, CHARLES THÉODORE HENRI (1827-1879), Belgian writer, was born at Munich on the 20th of August 1827. His father, Augustin de Coster, was a native of Liége, who was attached to the household of the papal nuncio at Munich, but soon returned to Belgium. Charles was placed in a Brussels bank, but in 1850 he entered the university of Brussels, where he completed his studies in 1855. He was one of the founders of the _Société des Joyeux_, a small literary club, more than one member of which was to achieve literary distinction. De Coster made his début as a poet in the _Revue trimestrielle_, founded in 1854, and his first efforts in prose were contributed to a periodical entitled _Uylenspiegel_ (founded 1856). A correspondence covering the years 1850-1858, his _Lettres à Élisa_, were edited by Ch. Potvin in 1894. He was a keen student of Rabelais and Montaigne, and familiarized himself with 16th-century French. He said that Flemish manners and speech could not be rendered faithfully in modern French, and accordingly wrote his best works in the old tongue. The success of his _Légendes flamandes_ (1857) was increased by the illustrations of Félicien Rops and other friends. In 1861 he published his _Contes brabançons_, in modern French. His masterpiece is his _Légende de Thyl Uylenspiegel et de Lamme Goedzak_ (1867), a 16th-century romance, in which Belgian patriotism found its fullest expression. In the preparation for this prose epic of the _gueux_ he spent some ten years. Uylenspiegel (Eulenspiegel) has been compared to Don Quixote, and even to Panurge. He is the type of the 16th-century Fleming, and the history of his resurrection from the grave itself was accepted as an allegory of the destiny of the race. The exploits of himself and his friend form the thread of a semi-historical narrative, full of racy humour, in spite of the barbarities that find a place in it. This book also was illustrated by Rops and others. In 1870 De Coster became professor of general history and of French literature at the military school. His works however were not financially profitable; in spite of his government employment he was always in difficulties; and he died in much discouragement on the 7th of May 1879 at Ixelles, Brussels. The expensive form in which _Uylenspiegel_ was produced made it open only to a limited class of readers, and when a new and cheap edition in modern French appeared in 1893 it was received practically as a new book in France and Belgium.