Let us begin by scanning the available evidence as to solar disturbances previous to the time when accurate sunspot records are available. Two rather slender bits of evidence point to cycles of solar activity lasting hundreds of years. One of these has already been discussed in Chapter VI, where the climatic stress of the fourteenth century was described. At that time sunspots are known to have been unusually numerous, and there were great climatic extremes. Lakes overflowed in Central Asia; storms, droughts, floods, and cold winters were unusually severe in Europe; the Caspian Sea rose with great rapidity; the trees of California grew with a vigor unknown for centuries; the most terrible of recorded famines occurred in England and India; the Eskimos were probably driven south by increasing snowiness in Greenland; and the Mayas of Yucatan appear to have made their last weak attempt at a revival of civilization under the stimulus of greater storminess and less constant rainfall.
The second bit of evidence is found in recent exhaustive studies of periodicities by Turner[112] and other astronomers. They have sought every possible natural occurrence for which a numerical record is available for a long period. The most valuable records appear to be those of tree growth, Nile floods, Chinese earthquakes, and sunspots. Turner reaches the conclusion that all four types of phenomena show the same periodicity, namely, cycles with an average length of about 260 to 280 years. He suggests that if this is true, the cycles in tree growth and in floods, both of which are climatic, are probably due to a non-terrestrial cause. The fact that the sunspots show similar cycles suggests that the sun's variations are the cause.
These two bits of evidence are far too slight to form the foundation of any theory as to changes in solar activity in the geological past. Nevertheless it may be helpful to set forth certain possibilities as a stimulus to further research. For example, it has been suggested that meteoric bodies may have fallen into the sun and caused it suddenly to flare up, as it were. This is not impossible, although it does not appear to have taken place since men became advanced enough to make careful observations. Moreover, the meteorites which now fall on the earth are extremely small, the average size being computed as no larger than a grain of wheat. The largest ever found on the earth's surface, at Bacubirito in Mexico, weighs only about fifty tons, while within the rocks the evidences of meteorites are extremely scanty and insignificant. If meteorites had fallen into the sun often enough and of sufficient size to cause glacial fluctuations and historic pulsations of climate, it seems highly probable that the earth would show much more evidence of having been similarly disturbed. And even if the sun should be bombarded by large meteors the result would probably not be sudden cold periods, which are the most notable phenomena of the earth's climatic history, but sudden warm periods followed by slow cooling. Nevertheless, the disturbance of the sun by collision with meteoric matter can by no means be excluded as a possible cause of climatic variations.