THE CALIPHATE
ITS RISE, DECLINE, AND FALL
FROM ORIGINAL SOURCES
BY
WILLIAM MUIR, K.C.S.I. LL.D., D.C.L., PH.D (BOLOGNA)
A NEW AND REVISED EDITION BY
T. H. WEIR, M.A., D.D. (ABERDEEN) Lecturer in Arabic in the University of Glasgow. Author of "Arabic Prose Composition" "Variants in the Gospel Reports"
EDINBURGH: JOHN GRANT
31 GEORGE IV BRIDGE
1924
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE
CHAPTER I
11 A.H.—Death of Mohammad—Election of Abu Bekr—'Omar, 'Ali, Abu 'Obeida
CHAPTER II
Expedition of Usama to Syrian border
CHAPTER III
Attack of Bedawin on Medina; repelled by Abu Bekr
CHAPTER IV
Return of Usama—Bedawin chastised—Expeditions organized against apostate tribes
CHAPTER V
Khalid's Arabian campaign—Toleiha—Battle of Al-Buzakha—'Oyeina—Malik ibn Nuweira—Al-Yemama—Museilima—Garden of Death
CHAPTER VI
Apostasy crushed—Al-Bahrein, 'Oman, The Hijaz, Ibn Ma'dikerib, Al-Ash'ath—Freebooter burned to death
CHAPTER VII
Review—Reclaimed tribes at first sullen—Enthusiasm kindled by Syrian and Chaldaean campaigns—Arabs become aristocracy of the world—Arab slaves set free
CHAPTER VIII
12 A.H.—Al-Muthanna’s campaign in Al-'Irak—Joined by Khalid—Battle of Chains—River of Blood—Al-Hira capitulates—'Ain at-Tamr—Duma stormed—Al-Firad—Khalid’s incognito pilgrimage
CHAPTER IX
12-13 A.H.—Syrian campaign—Battle of Ajnadain— Capitulation of Fihl
CHAPTER X
Al-'Irak—Battle of Babylon—Al-Muthanna’s appeal for reinforcements
CHAPTER XI
13 A.H.—Abu Bekr's death—'Omar nominated by him Caliph
CHAPTER XII
13-14 A.H.—'Omar's accession—Reinforcements for Al-'Irak—Rustem—Battle of the Bridge—Abu 'Obeid's defeat—Battle of Al-Buweib—Death of Al-Muthanna
CHAPTER XIII
14 A.H.—Syria—Fall of Damascus
CHAPTER XIV
Al-'Irak—Fresh levies—Sa'd—Yezdejird—Rustem’s advance—Battle of Al-Kadisiya—Discomfiture of Persian army
CHAPTER XV
15-16 A.H.—Al-Hira reoccupied—Fall of Al-Medain
CHAPTER XVI
16 A.H.—Battle of Jalula—'Omar forbids advance—Al-Kufa and Al-Basra—Land settlement of Al-'Irak
CHAPTER XVII
15 A.H.—Northern Syria, Hims, Antioch—Heraclius retires—Battle of the Yarmuk
CHAPTER XVIII
Jerusalem submits to 'Omar—His visit—Ordinance of 'Omar
CHAPTER XIX
17 A.H.—Northern Syria and Mesopotamia—Attack by Greeks and Bedawin—Beni 'Iyad and Taghub—Fall of Caesarea—Khalid's trial and deposition
CHAPTER XX
14-15 A.H.—Jews and Christians expelled from Arabia—Register of Arab tribes—Civil and military administration—Kor'an "collected"
CHAPTER XXI
18 A.H.—Famine—Plague—'Omar visits Syria—Mu'awiya—Bilal
CHAPTER XXII
19-20 A.H.—Conquest of Egypt—Alexandria
CHAPTER XXIII
16-20 A.H.—Southern Persia—Sus—Tomb of Daniel—Al-Hormuzan
CHAPTER XXIV
21-22 A.H.—Conquest of Persia—Battle of Nihavend—Flight of Yezdejird
CHAPTER XXV
17-23 A.H.—Domestic events—Court of Ka'ba enlarged—Al-Moghira's trial—Al-Kufa—Al-Basra—Era of Hijra—Laxity of morals—'Omar's simple life
CHAPTER XXVI
23 A.H.—Death of 'Omar—Appointment of Electors
CHAPTER XXVII
23-24 A.H.—'Othman—Murder of Al-Hormuzan
CHAPTER XXVIII
24-35 A.H.—Arabs and Koreish—Hashimites and Umeiyads—Campaigns in East and West—Naval victory
CHAPTER XXIX
30-34 A.H.—Unpopularity of 'Othman—Discontent at Al-Kufa and Al-Basra—Recension of Kor'an—Abu Dharr—Other causes—Naila
CHAPTER XXX
33-34 A.H.—Growing disaffection—Outbreak at Al-Kufa—'Ali warns 'Othman
CHAPTER XXXI
34-35 A.H.—Outlook darkens—Conference of Governors—Mu'awiya's help declined
CHAPTER XXXII
35 A.H.—Conspirators attack Medina—Palace besieged—'Othman slain
CHAPTER XXXIII
35-36 A.H.—Election of 'Ali—Excitement at Damascus—War proclaimed against Mu'awiya
CHAPTER XXXIV
36 A.H.—'Aisha at Mecca—Joined by Talha and Az-Zubeir—They seize Al-Basra
CHAPTER XXXV
'Ali's advance on Al-Basra—Battle of the Camel—Talha and Az-Zubeir killed—'Aisha retires to Medina
CHAPTER XXXVI
Al-Kufa seat of Government—Egypt—Mu'awiya at Damascus threatens regicides
CHAPTER XXXVII
36-37 A.H.—Hostilities between 'Ali and Mu'awiya—Battle of Siffin—Arbitration—Abu Musa and 'Amr, Umpires
