[Footnote 313: The case of Major Jakoga and Captain Oki, which, though reported as a case of espionage, is really a case of treason, will be discussed below in § 255.]
§ 162. Treason can be committed by a soldier or an ordinary subject of a belligerent, but it can also be committed by an inhabitant of an occupied enemy territory or even by the subject of a neutral State temporarily staying there, and it can take place after an arrangement with the favoured belligerent or without such an arrangement. In any case a belligerent making use of treason acts lawfully, although the Hague Regulations do not mention the matter at all. But many acts of different sorts can be treasonable; the possible cases of treason and the punishment of treason will be discussed below in § 255.
Although it is generally recognised that a belligerent acts lawfully who makes use of the offer of a traitor, the question is controversial[314] whether a belligerent acts lawfully who bribes a commander of an enemy fortress into surrender, incites enemy soldiers to desertion, bribes enemy officers for the purpose of getting important information, incites enemy subjects to rise against the legitimate Government, and the like. If the rules of the Law of Nations are formulated, not from doctrines of book-writers, but from what is done by the belligerents in practice,[315] it must be asserted that such acts, detestable and immoral as they are, are not considered illegal according to the Law of Nations.
[Footnote 314: See Vattel, III. § 180; Heffter, § 125; Taylor, § 490; Martens, II. § 110 (8); Longuet, § 52; Mérignhac, p. 188, and others. See also below, § 164.]
[Footnote 315: See _Land Warfare_, § 158.]
Grotius, III. c. 1, §§ 6-18--Bynkershoek, _Quaest. jur. publ._ I. c. 1--Vattel, III. §§ 177-178--Hall, § 187--Lawrence, § 207--Westlake, II. p. 73--Phillimore, III. § 94--Halleck, I. pp. 566-571--Taylor, § 488--Moore, VII. § 1115--Bluntschli, §§ 565-566--Heffter, § 125--Lueder in Holtzendorff, IV. pp. 457-461--Ullmann, § 176--Bonfils, Nos. 1073-1075--Despagnet, Nos. 526-527--Pradier-Fodéré, VI. Nos. 2759-2761--Rivier, II. p. 261--Nys, III. pp. 252-255--Calvo, IV. §§ 2106-2110--Fiore, III. Nos. 1334-1339--Longuet, §§ 53-56--Mérignhac, pp. 165-168--Pillet, pp. 93-97--_Kriegsbrauch_, pp. 23-24--Holland, _War_, Nos. 78-79--Bordwell, pp. 283-286--Meurer, II pp. 151-152--Spaight, pp. 152-156--_Land Warfare_, §§ 139-154--Brocher in _R.I._ V. (1873), pp. 325-329.